Refinery And Petrochemical Integrated Development

Refinery And Petro chemic Integ appraised outgrowthRefinery and Petro chemic substance corporate Development is considered as the largest petrochemical complex swan trustworthyly in the atomic number 18na of second vitamin E Asia. quick project is situated in Pengerang, second due east of Johor state. As the briny investor, PETRONAS proposed RM60 billion investment for rapid project. The study(ip) output signal of fast is the natural anele refinery with cultivation susceptibility of 300,000 BSPD. The crude vegetable inunct refinery allow act as the spine of the project that will put out enough feedstock to the petrochemical complex. With conservative estimate, petrochemical complexes will catch an annual combined mathematical product of approximately 3 one million million million tonnes of ethene, propene, C4 and C5 olefins. The beneficial condition had attracted fewer go with to vocalizationner with PETRONAS in the fast project. At present, in that respect argon five(5) social club which had sign an agreement with PETRONAS to together with own, develop, construct and take to the woods take facilities for a host of specialty chemical products inwardly Petronas proposed speedy project in Pengerang, Johor.Those five(5) ships union argon ITOCHU bow window of Japan PTT world(a) chemic common guild Limited, DIALOG, Italy- found Versalis SpA, and Evonik Industries AG. Initially, an an another(prenominal)(prenominal) German foundation leading chemical company, BASF, had sign(a) the Head of concord (HoA) with PETRONAS. However, in 21 January 2013, PETRONAS announced that the Head of Agreement (HoA) between dickens parties for a unionly specialty chemicals venture indoors PETRONAS rapid project in Pengerang, Johor, has been terminated by mutual agreement. Unfortunately, pastime negotiations, PETRONAS and BASF reason that it would be in their mutual interest to terminate the HoA as both parties were unable to come to an agreement on the hurt and conditions for the exe trailion of the proposed venture. After the news of termination of HoA between PETRONAS and BASF was released, another company had gestural a Letter of Intent (LOI) with PETRONAS al some at the same time. Evonik Indutstries AG is fully interested to jointly embark on the growing of output signal facilities of specialty chemicals indoors PETRONAS fast project in Pengerang, Johor.Although there atomic subdue 18 only six(6) company which carry signed agreement to be part into PETRONAS quick project, it is astray believed that more potential company argon heretofore to join the PETRONAS RAPID project. Therefore, in this chapter, it for the most part disguises the background and licensors issue of those six(6) company. At the mean time, this chapter will in addition cover the difference of the teaching of output facilities of specialty chemicals among the company in diametric location. in any event that, it will get by dint of the comparison of two company in different petrochemical complex based on several aspects. Moreover, this chapter will include the proposed potential company that atomic number 18 feasibility for PETRONAS RAPID project. In addition, this chapter will also analyze the economic consumption compete and licensors issue of the latent company within PETRONAS RAPID project.4.2 agency Playing and Licensor of social club in PETRONAS RAPID project4.2.1 PETRONASPETRONAS is considered as the major investor for RAPID project and will own, construct and lead the oil refinery appoint and also naphtha cracker typeset. PETRONAS, for being star of the leading oil and artillery industrial company in the world, has full of experience in constructing and operational the oil refinery lay and also naphtha cracker intentiont. PETRONAS no doubt has the contrast and engine room to handle oil refinery crack which refining a capacitor of 300,000 BSPD crude oil. PETRONAS ha s taken the license applied science from the previous licensor, Exxon Mobil Research and engineer (EMRE). Those 300,000 BSPD of crude oil will be refined and converted into different oil color products, distributed and supplied to inviolate petrochemical energizes within RAPID project.Currently, RAPID project comprised formulation work of few petrochemical engrafts such as enthalpy bleach kit and caboodle with a deed efficiency of 250,000 MTPA, a 220,000 MTPA isononanol aimt, an 110,000 MTPA 1-butene pose and a 1,300MW gas-fired force play plant. These are only part of the petrochemical plants within RAPID project. There are few investors withstand not made decision on the braid of petrochemical plants. The decision will be made later the third posterior of this course of instruction. On that time, we will know entire plan of RAPID project. However, we buns define their move for RAPID project based on the profile of the company such as ITOCHU Corporation of Japa n and PTT Global chemical substance public Company Limited.4.2.2 ITOCHU Corporation of Japan PTT Global Chemical earth Company Limited twain ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited are the world leading chemical company in oil and gas industry. The push button Chemical company downstairs ITOCHU Corporation consists of two divisions the Energy Division and Chemical Division. The Energy Division facilitates the development and trade of bioethanol, focusing on developments in crude oil, natural gas, and other resources, and the supply chain where trade centres around the world originally escape. On the other side, the Chemical Division handles basic chemicals, synthetic resin, synthetic fibre cranky materials, electronic materials, secondary battery-related materials and pharmaceutical products, among others. The company creates synergies in both of these globally operating divisions and score created an optimal foster chain in fossil oil, gas, and chemicals, in an effort to enrich the lives of people in the world. Another party, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited is the uniting of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited and PTT Aromatics and Refining Public Company Limited to be the chemical flagship of PTT Group. The integration results in reaching a total Olefins and Aromatics turnout competency of 8.2 million lots per form and petroleum business electrical condenser of 280,000 place per day, making it Thai fetchs largest and Asias leading integrated petrochemical and refining company. PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited is strengthened with its variety of product in both Olefins and Aromatics line, which improves its competitive advantage as wholesome as the ability to reduce risk inherent in the petrochemical industry.On 18th May 2012, ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTCG) have signed the Head of Agreement (HoA) with PETRONAS for the development of PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Mr. Sirisaengtaksin, read/write head Executive Officer of PTTGC, utterThrough this new collaboration, we hope to strengthen our ties and business synergies within the southeastern Asia Region and to also get through the demands of a rapidly growing ASEAN regions universe of discourse and AEC market growthWe hope also to further strengthen our trammel and look forward to a long and sustainable relationship with PETRONAS and ITOCHU off the beaten track(predicate) into the future through our collaboration in uplifted apprize added chemicals to operate the automotive, construction and electronic industries.As mentioned previously, the proposed refinery will have a talent of 300,000 barrels per standard day and will supply naphtha and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) feedstock for the RAPID petrochemical complex, as well as allege gasolene and diesel that meet European specifications. With such a large touchstone of crude oil supply, ITOCHU and PTT are able to produce various merchant grades petrochemicals products. In prior, we discuss roughly the development of ITOCHU Corporation in PETRONAS RAPID project. In fact, ITOCHU Corporation signed a separate Heads of Agreement with PETRONAS and PTT Global Chemical, an integrated refinery, petrochemical, and aromatic player, towards the development of the new project for a few petrochemical downriver projects within the Project RAPID. It is widely believed that the production facilities should be fuddled to the chemical industrial area covered by ITOCHU previously. Therefore, we bravely concluded that ITOCHU Chemical Division will own, develop, construct and operate a petrochemical downstream project in PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor.Generally, ITOCHU trades an extensive circuit card of products, including basic chemicals, plastics, electronic materials, and pharmaceutical raw materials. ITOCHU has the higher opportunity to operate synthetic fibre prod uction plant. The licensor of synthetic fibre production plant could be UOP Technology. UOP Technology tender the license of engineering science for ITOCHU and allow ITOCHU to drill the particular technology to operate the synthetic fibre production plant. ITOCHU will demand the feedstock of synthetic fibre from PETRONAS oil refinery as there is sufficient capacity of up to 300,00 BSPD refining crude oil supply.Similarity, as the collaboration render, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTGC), collaborate with ITOCHU Corporation and PETRONAS, to own, develop, construct, and operate at least two petrochemical plants in RAPID project. The petrochemical plants are not specified yet until now. However, based on the speech of Mr. Sirisaengtaksin, Chief Executive Officer of PTTGC, it is widely believed that the production of specialty chemical is mostly high value added chemical to serve the automotive, construction, and electronic industries. The future plan announced by PTT GC mentions that there is $11 billion capex by year 2020. PETRONAS RAPID project is also included and considered as one of the evidential project in the future plan. The final decision will be on the middle of this year. Nevertheless, we strongly believed PTTGC, associated with ITOCHU Corporation to operate olefins downstream production plant and aromatic plant. Generally, ethylene and propylene can produce polyethylene, polypropylene, HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE. The capacity of these products is considered large in amount as there is sufficient olefins supply. withal that, aromatic products such as benzene, toluene and mixed-xylene are also produced through the petrochemical plant as well to supply them as raw materials to submit the downstream industries such as polystyrene. Alongside the massive production of olefins, aromatics, and by-product produced, PETRONAS RAPID is expected to fulfil the requirement and massive demand of feedstock from South East Asia country and Asia coun try especially China. PETRONAS RAPID is expected to cadence out to become the major and leading raw material provider within the region in South East Asia and even the entire Asia region.PTTGC operates the aromatics plant and produces and distributes primary aromatics, namely benzene, paraxylene, orthoxylene, toluene, mixed xylenes, and cyclohexane ( arbitrate product) as feedstock for intermediate and downstream industries. PTTGC runs two aromatics plants, it hyperbolize the technology of UOP, a world-renowned licensor known for constant upgrading. Both facilities allow feedstock and product exchange to optimize paraxylene and benzene production. PTTGC plans to produce a total of more than 2.05 million dozens of aromatics with an 88% utilization rate and continuous process efficiency returns which over the past few years record. Alongside the experience of operating the aromatic plant, PTTGC knows the efficiency improvement move and straightly apply into PETRONS RAPID project. The successive moves such as surrogate of heat exchanger of the distillation tower to produce 25,000 tons per year of additional paraxylene and installation of pipeline system to the refinery to produce reformate to add value to excess sour naphtha from aromatics plant. PTTGC may apply the technologies into the aromatics plant in RAPID project and produces greater amount and fictitious character of products. PTTGC may rise RAPID project become the leading petrochemical complex in Asia region.On the other sides, PTTGC Group obtains olefins (a collective name for ethylene and propylene) from PETRONAS naphtha cracker plant for intermediate and downstream petrochemical plants in the industrial estate, for HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE plants within the Group, and for the ethylene oxide/ethylene dihydric alcohol (EO/EG) plant, wholly owned by PTTGC. The Group produces and sells olefins by-products, namely mixed C4, pyrolysis gasoline, tush gas, cracker bottom, and heat content, to domestic and foreign customers. To supplement value to these, PTTGC will operate the butene-1 and butadiene project from mixed C4 with a combined capacity of about atomic number 6,000 tons per year. Today, the plants basic engineering design has been completed, with a start-up interpret in about the second quarter of 2014.In addition, it is widely believed that PTTGC will owns, constructs and operates a 1,300MW gas-fired top executive plant within RAPID project. The gas-fired world power plant supply power throughout the entire RAPID project. The feedstock use to generate the power plant is natural gas that obtained from the crude oil. In score to achieve color environment, the feedstock also can be obtained from the recycled natural gas from other petrochemical plant. This fill has not only achieve green environment yet it helps to cut the cost of production.4.2.3 Italy-based Versalis SpAItaly-based Versalis SpA is the third petrochemical company to join PETRONAS RAPID project in Pen gerang, Johor. On 17th July 2012, PETRONAS and Itay-based Versalis SpA have signed for Head of Agreement (HoA) to jointly own, develop, construct, and operate elastomer plant within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Based on the report statement, under the terms of the HoA, the proposed joint venture will produce and market synthetic rubbers by using Versalis technology license and technology know-how. Versalis (formerly known as Polimeri Europa) is a petrochemical company and flagship company of Eni SpA, an Italian multinational oil and gas company. It handles the production and marketing of a wide portfolio of petrochemical products, using a ikon of patented technologies and state-of-the-art production systems and a wide-reaching and efficient distribution network.Versalis provides its own technology of license and proves that Versalis has much(prenominal) confidence to the application program of technology for the elastomer plant. For your information, the patent an d patented technology portfolio ranges from basic products to polymers phenol and derivatives, polyethylene, styrenics and elastomers, but also catalysts, and special chemical products. Versalis contributes a lot of efforts to develop its own proprietary technology by using the deal experience earned at its look and development centre, its production plants, and also considering the feedbacks of the market towards its products. Throughout this approach, Versalis manages to optimize and strengthen the excogitation of the single devices and plants, of their mathematical operations, of the performances of the proprietary catalysts, of the characteristics of the products getting outstanding results in all the technologies of the companys business areas. And this is the reason that Versalis intends to use its own technology license.The elastomer technology used for the elastomer plant within PETRONAS RAPID project are (1) emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (e-SBR), (2) r esolve polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (s-SBR), (3) SBS copolymers technology (SBS), (4) NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers technology (NBR), and (5) High Cis Polibutabiene rubber technology (HCBR NEOCIS). These technology are mostly believed to be brought and applied into the elastomer plant with PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang Johor. The brief introduction of each technology is needed for more understanding.Emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is one of the most common used polymers in worldwide, used in a large variety of applications which significantly provide good quality of our life. The Versalis proprietary technology achieves wide-range of products which covers all e-SBR field of application like tires, footwears, light coloured and etc. Besides that, High Solids SBR Latices, whose master(prenominal) applications are in moulded foam, gel and non-gel carpet foam and stiffness enhancer Latices, are also leading product based on Versalis proprietary techn ology.Other the other hand, solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is the most suitable feedstock for passing specified tyre components used in the fabrication of high performance tyres, where the lowest fuel consumption and the highest durability are required. In order to maintain the quality of polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, s-SBR proprietary technology has been positive as an selection to emulsion technology to produce new product grades and also to significantly reduce some environmental impact of the emulsion technology.Following by Versalis SBS technology, it is flexible in catering the different product grades required by the SBS market to meet new application requirements. Hence, the competitive production of the most common SBS grades and the additional SBS grades for special applications are allowed by Versalis SBS technology.Besides that, NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers are copolymers of butadiene (BD) and acrylonitrile (AN) produced by initiation red ox catalyst systems to an emulsion polymerization reception . The high resistance to oils over a wide temperature range is definitely one of most important feature of Nitrile Rubber. Furthermore, goods NBR-based are normally high strength and resistance to abrasion properties. Originally, Versalis used tatty radicalic polymerization technology for NBR production and was then continuously improved and change its own NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers production technology based on market requests and feedbacks to meet the safety regulation requirement.At last, High Cis Polibutabiene rubber technology was premier(prenominal) developed in the 80s, with the aim to produce rubber grades with specific properties in tyre sector as well as in other industrial applications. Typical High Cis Polibutabiene rubber plant consists of one reaction section, one finishing line and one packaging line.Based on the technology development and experience taken in operation of elastomer plant, it is widely believed that Versalis will focus on the compact alongside with excellent proven elastomer operation records and wealth of experience and expertise that would significantly contribute towards strengthen PETRONAS and Malaysias position as a distinguish downstream petrochemical player in the South East Asia region or the entire Asia region.4.2.4 Evonik Industries AGPETRONAS is joyful to announce that a Letter of Intent (LOI) was signed with Evonik Industries AG to jointly engage on the development of production facilities of chemical specialty within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang , Johor. On 13 January 2013, Evonik Industries AG formally signed the Letter of Intent (LOI) with PETRONAS and became the latest petrochemical company investing in RAPID project followed by ITOCHU Corporation, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited, and Italy-based Versalis SpA.Evonik, the creative industrial group from Germany, is one of the world leaders in specialty chemicals. Evoniks corporate strategy manages to maintain profitable growth and a sustained increase in the value of the company. Basically, its activities focus on the mention megatrends health, nutrition, resource efficiency and globalization. Evonik benefits specifically from its innovative prowess and integrated technology platforms.Under the LOI, Evonik Industries AG planned to form a partnership with PETRONAS to jointly own, develop, construct and operate facilities for the production of hydrogen peroxide, C4 co-monomer and oxo-products within RAPID project.. The proposed plants within RAPID project are expected to produce a capacity of 250,000 metric tons of hydrogen peroxide, 220,000 metric tons of isononanol (INA) and 110,000 metric tons of 1-butene annually. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide will be used to produce propylene oxide by the licensed, eco-friendly hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide (HPPO) process. The licensed technology, HPPO process, was jointly developed by Evonik and Thy ssenKrupp Uhde.Evonik is one of the worlds largest producers of hydrogen peroxide and C4 based products with production facilities in Europe, North America, South America, New Zealand, Asia, South Africa and Indonesia. The worldwide capacity of hydrogen peroxide production is in excess of 600.000 tons per year. With more than 100 years of experience in peroxygen chemistry, Evonik is believed able to provide high quality products backed up by professional technical, engineering and sales go within PETRONAS RAPID project. The hydrogen peroxide plant is expected to boast an annual production capacity of 250,000 metric tons thus change magnitude the current overall hydrogen peroxide in worldwide. The group believes it is going to become the largest manufacturer of hydrogen peroxide. Today, hydrogen peroxide is widely used for various chemical industries. Therefore, it is a wise approach to operate hydrogen peroxide production plant within RAPID project.Generally, hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) is an environmentally friendly chemical used for oxidation reactions, bleaching process in pulp, paper, and textile industries, various waste water and air treatment, and for various disinfection applications. Nevertheless, Evonik has resolved to implement the HPPO process with its own technology licensing which is developed by Evonik and ThyssenKrupp Uhde within RAPID project. The innovative HPPO process allows the oxidant to be used to produce propylene oxide. The HPPO process benefits that it requires significantly less investment and allows a high degree of production efficiency. It is also an extremely eco-friendly process.Besides that, oxo-products production plant such as isononanol (INA) production plant will be apply within RAPID project by Evonik. Basically, isononanol (INA) is the most important raw material used for manufacturing large-volume of plasticizers. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that are used to make PVC materials to be flexible. The plastics becom e softer and more elastic and pliable for certain desired use. Plasticizers change the physical properties of the plastics without chemically react with the materials. As expected, Evonik plans to produce 220,000 metric tons of isononanol (INA) annually through the plant within RAPID project. This amount of capacity are believed sufficiently for demands throughout the South East Asia region. Most of the isononanol produced renders in the manufacture of DINP (di isononyl phthalate). The technology licensor for the isononanol (INA) production plant will be ThyssenKrupp Uhde. Uhde offers its basic-class proprietary technology for the isononanol production plant within RAPID project. Similarly, the proprietary technology is developed based on research and production plants for many years. With this type of approach, the proprietary technology benefits that allows a high degree of efficiency with less investment requirement.In addition, Evonik has confirmed to operate a capacity of 110, 000 metric tons annually 1-butene production plant within RAPID project. Evonik uses its own proprietary technology to operate the 1-butene production plant. Basically, 1-butene is used primarily as a co-monomer for polyethylene (LLDPE, HDPE) or co-monomer for ethylene/propylene copolymers. The advantage of 1-butene is mainly to improve for the tear strength of the polymer. Moreover, it is also used as intermediate for the production of various products such as antioxidants, plasticizers, herbicides, corrosion inhibitors or additives to lubricating and hydraulic oils.Evonik Industries AG are focusing on RAPID project seriously as they implement three main petrochemical production plant within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. As the Member of the Executive Board of Evonik, Dr. Dahai Yu said,The entire project is set to mark another milestone in our growth strategy in the Asiatic market. This is why were seeking for a strong long-term strategic partner like PETRONAS.The pa rtnership is expected to strengthen the PETRONAS position as the key downstream petrochemical player as well as to position Malaysia as the number one oil and gas hub in the Asia Pacific region by 2017. Throughout the collaboration, Evonik Industries AG further consolidates its position as one of the world largest producers of hydrogen peroxide and C4-based products.4.3 The Comparison of RAPID Project and Kerteh and Gebeng interconnected Petrochemical Byzantine4.3.1 Construction and Operation AreaKerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex is playing the significant role in the development of Malaysian petrochemical complexes of the east margin industrial corridor. Although isolated from the nations mainstream economic activities and politically distinctive, these former fishing villages have been transformed into Malaysias petrochemical industrial hub within a thirty years period. Similarly, RAPID project also transforms the fishing villages in Pengerang, Johor into anoth er larger petrochemical industrial hub comparing to the one in east coast industrial corridor (ECIC). Currently, Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex have become the leading role to multi-national petroleum, gas and chemical giants and are widely believed to have true highest concentration of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. However, Upon target commissioning date in 2016, RAPID will become the largest petrochemical industrial hub within Asia Pacific Region.Kerteh and Gebeng are two different locations but planned to become industrial townships within the east coast industrial corridor (ECIC) of Peninsula Malaysia. The two town are connected by a dedicated railway. In contrast, RAPID project is planned to constructed at only one town area without any connections from other places. The rule 5.3 and figure 5.4 illustrate the Integrated Petrochemical Complex at Gebeng and location plan of RAPID project. Currently KPIC covers over 2,800 demesne of land, and is planned to expand to cover about 13,200 acres by the year 2010. In present, GPIC covers about 8900 acres and it is expected to expand to about 23,700 acres by the year 2008. Initially, as statement from DEIA report, RAPID project is planned to cover 6,242 acres of land in Pengerang. The land covered will be further under expansion to be larger than the combination of IPC in Kerteh and Gebeng and in Melaka on the commissioning date by 2016.Verbund site4.3.2 Capacity of Crude crude oil RefineryIn past, KIPC was only used as a crude oil channel, and as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) refinery. KIPC channels a capacity of 400,000 BSPD crude oil and 2,200 million cubic feet of LPG. Furthermore, KIPC also received some 250 million of LPG from Indonesia. Comparing to RAPID whereby RAPID is expected to have a refining capacity of 300,00 BSPD of crude oil. Upon target commissioning date in 2016, the countrys total refining capacity is to be increased to 935,300 barrels daily (bpd) from t he current 635,300 bpd produced by the PETRONAS refineries in Kertih and Melaka. The refinery production of crude oil in RAPID project is illustrated in figure 4.5.For petrochemical related products, the current production capacity from the PETRONAS complexes in Gebeng and Kerteh is around 2.6 million KMTPA and upon RAPID operation, there will be an increase in production capacity to 6.5 million (KMTPA). It proves that the production capacity of RAPID project is expected to be much greater than GIPC and KIPC.Both Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex and RAPID project have received high concentration of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex have attracted foreign company to join partnership to own, develop, construct and operate petrochemical plants. In GIPC, the PETRONAS and its joint-venture plants, the Gebeng IPC is also host to a number of multinational chemical companies, such as Amoco Chemicals, which owns and operates a purified terephthalic acid plant, and Eastman Chemicals, which owns and operates a copolyester plastic resin plant. Figure 4.4 illustrates the major petrochemical plant and its production capacity.The MTBE plant produces a capacity of 300,000 pta of MTBE and 80,000 pta of propylene. Besides that, propane dehydrogenation plant produces another capacity of 300,000 pta of propylene. The propylene production plant also add on produces 80,000 pta of propylene. In addition, the BPC acrylic fibers Complex produces four(4) various of chemical products which are 160,000 tpa Crude Acrylic Acid, 20,000 tpa Glacial Acrylic Acid, 100,000 tpa Butyl-Acrylate, 60,000 tpa 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate. Furthermore, BPC Oxo-Alcohols and Syngas produces five(5) petrochemical products like 80,000 tpa 2-Ethyhexanol, 40,000 tpa Phthalic Anhydride, 100,000 tpa Plasticizers, 160,000 tpa Butanols, 170,000 tpa Syngas. For BPC Butanediol Complex, a capacity of 100,000 tpa Butanediol is produced throu gh the complex.PETRONAS Integrated Petrochemical Complex (IPC) located within the PETRONAS Petroleum Industry Complex (PPIC) in Kertih, Terengganu is an important attach in our gas value chain. Receiving gas feedstock from the fields offshore Terengganu, the Kertih IPC in the first place consists of ethylene-based petrochemical plants. The plants located within this IPC include two ethylene crackers, a polyethylene plant, an ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant, a multi-unit derivatives plant, vinyl chloride monomer/PVC plants, ammonia/synthesis gas plants, an acetic acid plant, an aromatics complex and a slenderness polyethylene plant. These plants are owned and operated mainly on a joint venture basis with various foreign partners with the advanced technology and experience, monetary strength and market access to add value to the business. Figure 4.4 illustrates the major petrochemical plant and its production capacity. The ethylene plant produces a capacity of 400,000 pta of ethylene. Besides that, polyethylene plant produces capacity of 200,000 pta of polyethylene and 55,000 pta of pipe compounding. The vinyl chloride monomer production plant also produces 400,000 pta of vinyl chloride monomer. In addition, the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plant produces a capacity of 160,000 tpa PVC, Furthermore, Amonia and Syngas plant produces 450,000 tpa ammonia and 325,000 tpa Syngas. For acetic acid plant, a capacity of 400,000 tpa acetic acid is produced through the plant. The aromatics plant produces capacity production of 500,000 tpa Paraxylene and 188,000 tpa Benzene. Olefins (Second Cracker ) mainly produces 600,000 tpa Ethylene and 95,000 tpa Propylene for downstream production. Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Glycol production plant produce capacity of 140,000 tpa Ethylene Oxide and 385,000 tpa Ethylene Glycols respectively. Ethylene Derivatives production plant produces five(5) petrochemical products such as 30,000 tpa Ethoxylates, 75,000 tpa Ethanolamines, 60,0 00 tpa Glycol Ethers, 140,000 tpa Butanol and 50,000 tpa Butyl Acetate to contributes for downstream production uses. The Low Density Polyethylen production plant produces a capacity of 255,000 tpa LDPE. For RAPID project, the capacity of production plants is clearly figured out in previous chapter. Therefore, for the information regarding the capacity of production within RAPID project, you are advised to refer the previous chapter.4.4 The Comparison of RAPID Project and goliath Petrochemical Complex in Pasir Gudang4.4.1 Location and Construction and Operation Area whale petrochemical complex is owned and operated by Titan Chemical Group shortly with the name of Lotte Chemical Titan Holdings Sdn. Bhd. Titan petrochemical complex constructed its first facility in Malaysia, a RM300 million polypropylene plant in year 1989. With