Benefits of Different Oxygen Levels Administered in ICU

Benefits of Different group O Levels Administered in intensive cargon unit sneakThere hold up been numerous studies conducted to strike the benefits of contrasting atomic number 8 levels administered in ICU (Intensive C atomic number 18 Unit) patients. However, the studies do non reveal a classical conclusion. The proposed overbearing redirect examination plans to identify if either un lord or fusty type O therapy systems is more(prenominal) constructive in critically ailing gravid patients who are admitted in ICU.BACKGROUND Oxygen therapy is a treatment that provides atomic number 8 gas to aid breathing when it is difficult to respire and became a third estate form of treatment by 1917. (Macintosh et.al 1999). It is expended for about(prenominal) groovy and chronic cases and fag end be implemented match to the inevitably of the patient either in infirmary, pre-hospital or entirely out of hospital ground on their medical examination professionals opinions. It was established as the most efficient and safest medicines required by the health system by World Health Organisation (WHO). PaO2 has become the guideline test for attaining out the type O levels in blood. And by the 1980s, pulse rate oximetry method which measures arterial type O saturation was in like manner innovatively utilize alongside PaO2 (David 2013). The chief benefits of type O therapy comprise s ruggeding the progression of hypoxic pneumonic hypertension, emotional status, cognitive function and improvements in sleep (Zielinski 1998). In UK, according to the national audit entropy approximately 34% of ambulance journeys involve oxygen use at some point plot of land 18% of hospital inpatients entrust be treated with oxygen at each clip (Lo EH 2003). In spite of the benefits of this treatment, at that place ask been instances where oxygen therapy back negatively impact a patients condition. The most reciprocally recommended amount of saturation for oxy gen intake is about 94-98%, and saturation levels of about of 88-92% are preferred for those at luck of carbon dioxide retention (BMA 2015).According to standard ICU practice, the nonprogressive method de nones that patients receive oxygen therapy to maintain PaO2 amongst 70 and ascorbic acid mm Hg or arterial haemoglobin saturation between 94-98% while conventional method allow PaO2 values to rise up to 150 mm Hg or SpO2 values between 97% and 100% (Massimo et al. 2016).There are also low issue systems where the delivered oxygen is at 100% and has liquefy rates bring low than the patients inspiratory flowrate ( i.e., the delivered oxygen is thin out with room walkover) and, hence the Fraction of Inspired Oxygen(FIO2) whitethorn be low or last. However, this depends on the particular device and the patients inspiratory flowrate.AIMTo enquire and conclude whether the use of a strict protocol for conservative oxygen supplementation would help to improve outcomes, while maint aining PaO2 inwardly physiologic limits among critically ill patients.RESEARCH QUESTIONA well- defined, structured and exclusive oceanrch suspense will malarkey as a guide in making meticulous decisions about study design and population and whence what information can be roll up and apply for analysis.(Brian, 2006)The early do work of explore for finding the interrogation inquirys is a challenging task as the scope of the problem is bound to be broad. Significant time and portion out is needed to polish, derive and compare the information required from the vast sea of information (Considine 2015) .If a proper and specific seek question is not formed, the whole process will be useless (Fineout-Overholt 2005). The natural supremacy of any research project is attributed in establishing a adopt and performable research project that is updated with a complete and organized retrospect of the belles-lettres, as outlined in this paper. A PICO framework is a universall y use framework employ to develop a robust and answerable research question which is also a efficacious framework for assuring the fictitious character or for evaluating projects. PICO stands for Problem / Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome.The research question presented in this paper is to identify whether conventional or conservative oxygen therapy methods is more beneficial among critically ill mature patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit.LITERATURE checkThe literature has foc employ on the effect of conservative and conventional oxygen therapy methods on mortality among patients in an Intensive Care Unit.Although there have been several studies to analyse which of the two methods is more beneficial to critically ill patients, a definitive study which repairs the mortality rate among the different categories needs to be analysed and investigated for its benefit.Different devices used to administer OxygenNasal cannula provides about 24-40% oxygen and flow rates up to 6L/min in adults (Fulmer JD 1984).A basic oxygen mask delivers about 35-50% FIO2 and can have flow rates from 5-10L/min depending on the fit and requirement of flow rate.The opposite respiratory aiding device is a partial rebreathing mask which has an additional artificial lake bag with it which is also classified as a low flow system with flow rate of 6-10L/min and delivers about 40-60% oxygen.The non-breathing system is correspondent to the partial rebreathing mask, where it has an additional series of ace(a) musical mode valves and it delivers about 60-80% FIO2 with a flow rate 10L/min.Re take in and findings of different oxygen therapy studiesA systematic look backward of two different published diarys indicated that the usage of additional oxygen when managing acute myocardial infarction arrived at the said(prenominal) result that there is no significant benefit when oxygen therapy is administered while being treasureed with air breathing (Cabello 20 10) and it whitethorn in fact be damaging which results in greater infarct size and taller mortality rate (Wijesinghe 2009). Although a number of smaller studies could clarify the criticisms, none of the original studies could reach a statistically unattackable result ( attar 2010) this stresses the need to provide info that validates the requirement for further analysis. Studies to support this have already been started, where The AVOID (Air Versus Oxygen In Myocardial Infarction) study is presently hiring patients to resolve this critical medical question (Stub 2012).Actual clinical trial data suggesting the effects of varied inspired oxygen levels are stock-s work on more inadequate in acute ischemic stroke. It is proposed that oxygen therapy may be beneficial if administered within the scratch few hours of commencement, however it has also been observed that with continued administration, it may mother harmful results (higher 1-yr mortality) (Ronning 1999).In a survey of group study where more than 6,000 patients were case studied following resuscitation from cardiac arrest , hyperoxemia ( defined as a PaO2 300 mm Hg (40 kPa),the results obtained were considerably worse than both normoxemia (60-300 mm Hg (8to 40kPa) and hypoxemia (PaO2There is also no robust cogent test for the come outulation that an increased PaO2 is interrelated with improved long-term survival in critically ill patients( Young JD2000).A reflective study where more than 36,000 patients were considered and arterial oxygenation was administered while being mechanically ventilated, signs of a biphasic relationship was observed within a span of 24 hours between PaO2 and in-hospital mortality(De 2008).The average PaO2 level frame was 99mm Hg, yet the foundation for unadjusted hospital mortality was just at a lower place 150mm Hg. A very similar study of more number of patients was conducted in Australia and New Zealand and this resulted in a report recording a entail PaO2 of 1 52.5mm Hg, indicating supraphysiological levels of oxygenation, with 49.8%of the 152,680 group was categorised as hyperoxemic PaO2120mmHg(Eastwood , 2012). In contrast to the Dutch study, even though hypoxemia was associated with elevated mortality, after an adjustment of disease severity, a progressive association between progressive hyperoxemia and in-hospital mortality could not be nexus together effectively. (Martin 2013).The precondition that patients with hypoxemia secondary to ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) do positively to elevated arterial oxygenation reinforces many studies done in this field of battle (McIntyre 2000). Nevertheless, data from clinical trials in patients with ARDS seem to disregard this assumption as frequent oxygenation and long-term outcome have a disconnection (Suchyta 1992). And the studies that report a correlation arterial oxygenation and mortality, a systemic review of 101 clinical studies in ARDS patients came to the conclusion th at P/F ratio was not such a reliable predictor (Krafft 1996). then a more intense study was conducted to compare the supplementary oxygen therapy with no oxygen therapy in normoxic patients with ST Segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Oxygen therapy has been cognize to be only universally used for the sign treatment of patients with STEMI which is based on the belief that the additional oxygen may increase oxygen delivery to ischemic myocardium and hence reduce myocardial injury and is supported by laboratory studies done by Atar in 2010. The adverse effects of supplementary oxygen therapy were noted from a meta-analysis of 3 small, randomized trials as done by Cabello in the same year. More recently, another analysis was done by comparing high concentration oxygen with titrated oxygen in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction which found no difference in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Ranchord 2012). thus, there are no st udies that assess the effects of supplemental oxygen therapy in the setting of contemporary therapy for STEMI, specifically acute coronary intervention. With these reports and analysis define together, we can safely deduct that there remains a substantial amount of uncertainty over the usage of routine supplemental oxygen in uncomplicated Acute Myocardial Infarction, with absolutely no clear indication or recommendation for the level of oxygen therapy in normoxic patients in the STEMI guidelines. More recently, another analysis was done by comparing high concentration oxygen with titrated oxygen in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction which found no difference in myocardial infarct size on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (Ranchord 2012). The one-year congress of European Society of ICU (2016) states that patients dying in the ICU was lowered by 9% while using conservative oxygen strategy as compared with the conventional one(JAMA 2016).METHODOLOGYFirstly the ter ms method and methodological analysis needs to be differentiated. Method is a process used to collect and examine the data whereas methodology includes a philosophical head of the research design as stated by Wainworth (1997). It is vital that the equal methodology needs to be analysed in carrying out the research question and in assembling the data (Matthews 2010). Research Methodology is a way to find out the result of a given over problem on a specific matter or problem that is also referred as research problem (Jennifer 2011). In Methodology, researcher uses different criteria for solving the given research problem and always tries to search the given question consistently in their own way to find out all the answers till conclusion. If the research does not work consistently on the problem, there would be less possibility to find out the final result. For finding or exploring research questions, a researcher faces lot of problems that can be effectively resolved while using a correct research methodology (Industrial Research Institute, 2010).This research proposal was done under the systematic review method because it provides a very comprehensive and clear way of assessing the curtilage (Chalmers 2001). Also it lowers error and prepossess and establishes a high standard of true statement (Jadad, 1998). Health mission providers, researchers, consumers and policy earnrs are overwhelmed with the data, reason and information on tap(predicate) from healthcare research. It is unlikely that the all this information is digested and used for approachinging decisions. Hence a systematic review of such research will help to identify, assess and synthesize the information based on evidence needed to make those critical decisions. (Mulrow 1994). There are a number of factors for choosing systematic review for this study. A systematic review is generally done to resolve absurd evidence, to verify the accuracy of current practice, to answer clinically una nswered questions, to find changes in practice or to focus for the need for any future research. organized reviewsAD1 are increasingly being used as a preferred research method for the education of post graduate nursing students (Bettany- Saltikuv, 2012). One of the best resources available on the conduct of systematic reviews of interventions is the Cochrane quislingism (Tonya 2012). As defined by the Cochrane collaboration (Higgins Green, 2011AD2, Pg 6) A systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria in order to answer a specific research question. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view to minimizing bias, thus providing more reliable findings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made.The come out of a systematic review is to incorporate the existing knowledge into a particular subject or regarding a scientific question (British ledger of Nutrition (2012). According to Gough e t al (2012) a systematic review is a research method that is undertaken to review several relevant research literatures. dogmatic reviews can be considered as the gold standard for reviewing the extensive literature on a specific topic as it synthesises the findings of previous research investigating the same or similar questions (Boland et al 2008). Using systematic and rigorous methods systematic reviews are much referred to as original empirical research because they review primary data, which can be either qualitative or quantitative (Aveyard Sharp 2011).Over the past years, dissimilar standards have been evolved for portraying systematic reviews, staring from an early statement called the QUOROM guidelines to an updated widely true statement called the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) (Moher et al, 2009). While there are many differences in how each author approach a systematic review and there is no universal approach on one meth odology for conducting review. However there are a set of fundamental set regarding the report of systematic reviews that authors are recommended to follow (Tonya 2012).METHODSSEARCH STRATEGIESThe excerption of relevant study is based on two concepts sensitivity and specificity (Wilma 2016).The think of the literature search is to identify existing published research in the particular area of interest to assist the researcher to clarify and decide the research question, and to identify whether the research question has been answered. The search of the literature essential be strategic and systematic, and informed by a documented strategy. attend strategies have two major considerations search terms, and databases. Some of the most common and beneficial search strategies used in systematic reviews are using the database of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), hand searching, Grey literature which contains unpublished studies, clinical trials and ongoing rese arch on the trials. Contacting an able and extracting information is another useful method. The internet provides access to a huge selection of published and unpublished database. Studies can also be found by referring the reference lists of the available published data.The database that have been referenced in this paper have been searched, collected and for extraction from the vast base of Northumbria AD3University accessible Journals. Journals from Medline, Ovid, ELSEVIER, PubMED and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Journal of the American Medical Association( JAMA), newspaper articles from CHEST, Intensive Care Medicine ,CLOSE and ANZICS clinical trial group, Resuscitation, Critical care journal, (all of the selected journals from the databases was validated as peer reviewed journals) were reviewed for this paper.cellular comprehension AND EXCLUSION CRITERIAThe inclusion of unpublished and grey literature is essential for minimizing the probable effect of publ ication bias (Cochrane Corner 2007). If systematic reviews are circumscribed to published studies, they venture excluding vital evidence and yielding inaccurate results, which are likely to be biased as always positive results (Alderan 2002). The inclusion criteria should consider gender, age of participants, year(s) of publication and study type. For this review purpose, as conventional and conservative oxygen therapy studies are the primary research questions, patients aged 18 years or older and admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with an judge length of stay of 72 hours or longer were considered for inclusion.Exclusion criteria also need to be justified and detailed and papers may be excluded according to paper type (such as discussion papers or opinion pieces), language, participant characteristics, or year(s) of publication. For the exclusion criteria, patients under 18 years, gravid patients, and those who were readmitted in ICU, patients with DNACPR (do not actively resuscitate) and neutropenia or immunosuppression and the patients on who more than one arterial blood gas analysis was performed in 24 hours. subject SELECTIONFor the purpose of this research proposal the literature selected are based on Randomized Clinical Trials of conservative oxygen therapy methods and conventional (traditional) AD4oxygen therapy methods used in ICU and some systematic reviews of effective oxygen therapy in ICU, if they met the inclusion criteria. The controlled clinical trials provide the most appropriate method of interrogation potential of treatments (Barton 2000). Observational studies on effect of hyperopia on post cardiac arrest are also reviewed.These studies can help to determine whether conservative oxygen therapy can help increase mortality among critically ill patients.PREPARATION FOR DATA EXTRACTIONData will beAD5extracted from the studies and sorted according to outcome measure. The data extraction tools should be used to underwrite relevant da tas is collected, minimise the risk of transcription errors, allow accuracy of data to be checked and serve as a record of the data collected.The data collected for extraction should be validated against evidence. It is necessary to extract the necessary studies and data that will help in resolving the research question which involves analysing different studies and a preferred way of methodology that reduces errors and bias. graphic symbol ASSESSMENTCochrane risk of bias tool (Higgins2011) will beAD6used for the assessment of risk of bias in estimating the study outcome. For the kick downstairs outcome of this review conglomerate few randomized clinical trials, some observational studies and pilot RCT studies for equation among various methods.Quality assessment is given special importance because of the inclusion of RCT and non-RCT methodology (Eggers et al 2001). And only quality studies that satisfies the inclusion, exclusion and data requirements, lustiness and no bias and studies that are needed to answer the research question are carefully selected.SYNTHESIS STUDIESSynthesis helps to summarize and connect different sources to review the literature on a specific topic, give suggestions, and link the practice to the research (Cosette 2000). It is done by gathering and comparing evidence from a variety of sources when there is conflicting evidence or hold in number of patients or large amounts of unclassified data. Systematic reviews of RCTs(Randomized control Trial) grok the most strong form of clinical evidence (Sheik 2002) and occupies the highest layer in the hierarchy of evidence-based research, at the same time qualitative case studies and expert opinions occupy the lowest layer (Evans 2003 and Frymark et al 2009).RCT helps to understand the differences data among various studies (For Example, the studies considered here, conventional versus Conservative Oxygen therapy methods). RCT is the most applicable study used in assessing the results of an intervention, because it limits the effects of bias when performed correctly. (CRDs Guide 2009). It also easier to understand and any observed effect is easily contained to the treatments being compared. (Stuart 2000). The favourable results of an RCT lies with the methodology subject area followed in the trial and it reviews its practicality which helps healthcare professionals, clinicians, researchers, policymakers and guideline developers to apply and review the long suit of the trials and tests. For example, if a study overestimates the effects of an intervention, it concludes wrongfully that the intervention works alike if the study is underestimating the effects, it wrongfully reflects that there is no effect to that study. This is where RCTs stands out, where minimum bias and evidence is the basis of such a study (According to Cochrane reviews). Hence this is wherefore RCTs form the gold standard of comparison studies while questioning effectiveness of different interve ntions while limiting bias. As an example, groups that are randomly charge are different from groups that follow criteria in the sense that the investigator may not be aware of certain attributes that they might have missed. It will also be likely that the two groups will be the similar on significant characteristics using chance. It is possible to control the factors that are known but randomisation helps to control the factors that are not known, which drastically reduces bias. therefrom assigning participants in other study designs may not be as fair and each participant may vary in characteristics on main standards. (Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 2017)The observational studies or non-randomised studies can be argumentative as the choice of treatment for each soulfulness and the observed results may cause differences among patients being given the different types of treatments. (Stuart 2000). estimable CONSIDERATIONA systematic review is the scienti fic way of classifying the plethoric amount of information existing in research by systematically reviewing and accurately examining the studies concerning a particular topic. But in doing so, topic of morality is hardly questioned. This will have some major downsides as some systematic reviews may have studies with ethical deficiencies, which in turn lead to the publication of an unethical research and such research is susceptible to bias. Systematic review does not automatically give the updated approval for an original study. Hence systematic reviews that are methodically and ethically assessed will have better ethical and methodological studies overall (Jean et al 2010). If an original study does not mention the ethical issues, it does not automatically mean that the studies in original papers avoided those ethical concerns and may indicate a lower risk (Tuech 2005).A primary rule for publishing articles is that redundant and overlapping data should be avoided or needs to be c ross-referenced while making the purpose clear to the readers in an unavoidable case. (Elizabeth et al 2011). Plagiarism is clearly unacceptable and care should be taken care to not replicate other peoples research work and the original words and data needs to be hold as a citation or quote. A responsible publishing company should follow the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) flowchart that explains suspected piracy (Liz 2008). It is also important to give information on funding and competing interests. The Cochrane Collaboration (2011) has very strict rules about funding and it is important to give reasons wherefore the author may or may not be deaf(p) or impartial on the review prepared and it relates to financial support, while competing interests can be personal, academic or political (WAME Editorial insurance and Publication Ethics Committees 2009).REFLECTIONThe objective of systematic reviews is to translate the results to clinically useful and applicable information while meeting the highest methodological standards. They advance a very useful summary of the present scientific evidence on a particular domain which can be veritable into guidelines on the basis of such evidence. However, it is imperative that practitioners understand the reviews and the quality of the methodology and evidence used (Franco 2012). This study proposes to find the systematic review approach of conservative and conventional oxygen therapy methods used among critically ill adult patients in ICU. Incidentally, a RCT study by Susan (2016) found that the strategy of guardedly controlling oxygen delivery to patients in ICU results in lower mortality than the conventional and more liberal approach whereby patients are often kept in a hyperoxemic state.

Benefits Of Ict In Physical Education Education Essay

Benefits Of Ict In Physical preparation breeding EssayABSTRACT1.0 INTRODUCTIONThis decade is characterised by rapid expert advances. Being in the digital era, technology has accounted for many changes in the trainingal sector. These changes range from the rule instruction is delivered, to the attitudes on how tuition occurs to the amount of collaborationism and knowledge sharing between non l unitary(prenominal) savants, but as well between teachers, managers and administrators. ICT corresponds one of the well-nigh enjoymentful cats-paws to set up curriculum if apply correctly. According to Waxman H.Lin Mitchko (2003), teaching and learn with technology has had a signifi bumt wedge on check-age childs tabu accrues when comp ard to traditional instruction.In the future, P.E fork divulge need to undergo essential changes. If technology had an impact in learning in general education, could it similarly prove teaching and learning in P.E? New studys in the empyrean of technology result positively affect the P.E curriculum. For example, the use of proficient advances go out prep atomic number 18 somatogenetic educators for the future demands and expectations of the society. Further more(prenominal), the Ministry of education is laying a good deal wildness on integrating ICT in the teaching and learning process in secondary aims. As disciples per shit exercises and skills in their PE classes, PE teachers bay window use technical legal documents and systems to quantify processes and results to help them learn more slightly themselves (Kirkwood, Manon, 2002).However, before victimization ICT in our grooms as a teaching tool, these distinguished questions must be addressed. What technological options argon avail equal to(p) for our PE educators? Do development technological tools in the PE classes motivate the bookmans? What is the role of technology as an assessment tool and how it is coupled to murder?According to Green (2002), with the rapid developments in technology, ICT has made a signifi bay windowt impact on a number of P.E departments, and has the potential to enhance teaching and learning in P.E. Cummings (2002) further suggests that the pervasion of ICT in education is now impacting on P.E as much as on any former(a) subjects. Many P.E departments in the U.K are currently exploitation ICT for administration and management tasks. Computers tout ensembleow us to continuously modify and modify our schemes of employment and slighton plans. The creation of a selective infobase of all students in the schools enable school administrators to maintain detailed interprets of assessments, key stage grades, sports awards and extra-curricular achievements.GENERAL teachTRIBUTION/BENEFITS OF ICT IN PHYSICAL EDUCATIONThe use of ICT in PE grooms the science of sport come to life by linking twain sensual and mental activity. It in addition helps to gain full-fledged students who are able to con centrate better on twain practical and theoretical work. Besides, it helps students to develop a better under infrastructureing of their confess body parts and that of the human body in general. It alike raises the visibility of P.E within the establishment by making the subject non only provoke, but in like manner attractive and effective. Furthermore, it brings enthusiasm and motivation for both PE teachers and students.ICT is in any case really important with regards to school administrative work. In fact, data potful well be catched and shared for analytical resolves, e.g. electronic records of performance of athletes. ICT also promotes teaching and learning within the school organization by changing the nature of learning it ego. Students are cause and are able to grasp essential concepts that previously eluded them. By developing their abilities to think in assorted ways students can select and apply skills, tactics and ideas, to label and increase performance. Moreover, with the infusion of ICT in PE, life-long learning can be support with the collection of resources via the internet. According to Mike Rimmer, Head of Physical social development at the Buttershaw upper school in Bradford Its the excitement of learning in a different way.In addition, with ICT, pupils are able to bulge regain, select and interpret a wide range of information more easily. They are also able to recognise patterns, relationships and behaviours using appropriate technological software. Furthermore, models, predictions and until now hypothesis can be made by students with the orgasm of ICT. Access to images of quality performances can be obtained with impression put down. thus, students are able to re cypher their work and modify it to improve the quality. Through ICT tools reliability, military rank and trueness of actions can also be make. ICT further submits a very reliable source of communication among people within the organisation. The use of email, fax, facebook or even skype lead enable quick and direct communication among P.E staffs and even students in new(prenominal) schools on fixtures, hitings and many other relevant matters. Therefore, accuracy of information does non dep curiosity only on the busy school secretary.Throughout ICT tools, pupils can benefit from ready feedback to improve their observational and epitome skills. As they familiarise with the software, they are able also to point out the relevant points for positive technique. The main advantage, however, remain the general improvement in the performance take aim of the majority of the pupils work, as they struggle their way to step impressive especially if their performance willing be analysed on digital scene system.There are many good options available to physical educators in regards to technology. Many of these technologies are easily accessible and are easily incorporated into the curriculum.SOME TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLSPedometersTheses ap paratus also called step counters are mechanical sensors apply to count steps and can easily be incorporated in PE classes. They address motivation, assessment, and advocacy. Furthermore, they are portable and can be worn under the belt and be kept the whole day. Today, it can be said that the pedometer has become a recognized acceptable tool for measuring physical activity. Students can wear a pedometer and receive immediate and continuous feedback regarding their activity take aim (Beighle, Pangrazi,Vincent, 2001). use pedometers at school can also demonstrate to parents that students are achieving a certain level of physical activity. By using the pedometers students will be able to see pass along towards set goal and consequently will be more motivated in the classes.Heart Rate MonitorsBased completely on the student ability level and current level of fitness, the heart rate oversee dumbfounds learning more student centered. It also provides immediate feedback that can mak e students work harder (Bian, Partridge, King, Andon, Boyer, 2007). As fitness level increases, student feel that their cardiovascular system is working and can set individualized goal to work more effectively. The Heart rate monitor will also provide real time data that will allow students to see how different exercises and activities affect the heart rate. Hence the heart rate monitor is a convenient apparatus that allows students to use up to date technology (Kirkwood, Manon 2002). Charts of supreme heart rate can be made for each student and track increase or decrease in their heart rate.digital Video photographic camera and optical psychodepth psychology softwareThe use of the bm analysis system will surely enhance many areas of the physical education curriculum both in investigate and teaching. Using digital telecasting camera has indeed simplified the collection of data. These results can whence be imported to carry out interactive multimedia entry to provide studen ts with a better understanding of the importance of breaking skills into components and the consequences of acute variation in techniques ( Ladda, Keating, Adam, Toscana, 2004). The visual analysis software allows students to view captured figurehead and to analyse them. This particular technology can help teachers to control students make headway towards motor skills goals provide feedback opportunities and assessing students learning (Fiorentino and Castelli, 2005).Using digital pic camera to record pupils performance in table tennis for example, can be a useful tool to help students improve their techniques. With the addition of doubt analysis software, pupils grow a professional supportive tool. For instance during a training session, a robot pong, which is a special technological tool that distribute ping pong balls at varying direction and speed, is use to face a student. The P.E teacher can then use the digital photograph camera to analyse the actions more closely. Th is is done with a view to improve the teaching and learning of table tennis. digital video clips were used weekly to stress on proper and improper techniques and then the pupils were disposed the opportunity to evaluate their own techniques and the technique of others via the dj vu resource. In the Mauritanian context, some state colleges which are actually working on a flee reckon set up by the ministry of education are presenting candidates for the Cambridge O level Examination. Teachers involved in this project will have to make use of video cameras during the practical examination to record students performance and then send them to Cambridge University. Each college involved in the pilot project have already received a laptop, an overhead projector and its respective(prenominal) screen. Digital video cameras and internet connection facilities will soon be available in these schools.Simulation and GamesGames such as Dance, Dance revolution, Fx cycles and Nintendo Wii harmoni se provide opportunities for students to be physically active and simultaneously enjoying themselves .These games can also be combined to other technologies to enhance the experience (Di Giorgio, 2004). Concerning the Nintendo Wii Fit, work outs are done on a small balanced board that gamers stand on. The players receive instructions from screen and mimic the stretching and muscle structure exercises. The Wii Fit tracking feature shows progress using the system. Therefore, it can be a semiprecious PE tool. However, teachers should not consider gaming system akin to traditional exercises. It should be considered as a supplement and a not a replacement of traditional exercises.3.0 METHODOLOGYMethodology refers to a domineering probe of an issue to collect important data. When analyzing data, valuable evidence may be obtained by using several indicators. A pursue method seemed to be most appropriate rather than an Action inquiry to us due to factor outs like time constraints, cost of implementation, high rate of absenteeism during third term and unrealistic expectations.3.1 SAMPLINGThe quality of an efficient survey is not only found on appropriate instrumentation but also on a suitable precedent strategy that has been selected. The selection of assay strategy was governed by the criterion of suitability. The choice for this strategy adopted were cogitate to the goals of the survey- the time constraints, the data collection methods, and the methodology. All these factors have been considered to ensure validity. The non-probability exemplification of 378 students of remains 4 was chosen for our survey which satisfied the minimum audition of Form 4 students. The estimated total macrocosm of Form 4 students was 19,179 which represent the number of students sitting for SC this year. We chose particularly Form 4 students because the survey had to be carried out during term 3 and during this period Form 5 and 6 students usually shine by their high a bsence rates. Hence, 66 students of Form 4 were randomly selected from 5 Form 4 classes in each school.PE teachers were also targeted for our survey to be meaningful. For a total population of 325 PE Teachers, we selected a minimum sample of 176 according to the affordn software for sampling calculation. P.E. teachers who were selected to fill questionnaires were from respective schools where members of our mathematical group work and PE educators who are following Diploma, B Ed, M Ed and PGCE courses at the MIE.3.2 METHODS AND TOOLS FOR DATA assemblyThe survey has been based on quantitative observations. The methods and tools for data collection wereSurvey questionnairesDocumentation3.21SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRES both distinct survey questionnaires were intentional one for the students and the other one for P.E teachers in respect to the objectives and opinions on using ICT to enhance P.E. The questionnaires include profile of the student/teacher, knowledge in ICT, opinions if ICT i s integrated in P.E. A structured questionnaire was intentional to reduce time for filling questionnaire and simplify data analysis.3.22 DOCUMENTATIONOur investigation to gain required information regarding number of P.E. teachers in Mauritius and approximate form 4 students population included consultation of various records and statistics.3.3 DATA COLLECTION STRATEGIESThe questionnaires were distributed in four secondary schools and two MITD schools that is in the half dozen institutions where six members of our group work. Respected teachers in our group briefed responsives before answering questionnaires about our objectives in the research. Record of number of questionnaires being circulated was kept. As for teachers, questionnaires were distributed to PE teachers around the island.3.4 SELECTED work PROFILE1. Three State colleges SSS, one from urban and two other from rural areas. One of them is a Girls college and two others are Boys College. 2. A esoteric mixed college s ituated in an urban area. 3. Two MITD mixed drills were chosen, one from rural and the other from urban area.PE and IT facilities available in almost all selected schools P.E. room/gymnasium, audio visual room(PowerPoint presentation and theory classes), Laptop, playground. audio visual room, Lecture theatre (PowerPoint presentation and theory classes), Laptop, playground, Internet facilities in the computing machine lab.Pupils from different type of schools were selected for the survey to check students attitude in P.E., to collect different perspectives of using IT in PE and to seek their views on ICT integration in P.E. from different types of schools and regions in order to meet our objectives.3.41QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGNThe purpose of the questionnaireTo make a survey on PE Teachers, and students questionnaire to seek their views on the possibility of enhancing P.E. classes with ICT.To meet our objectives and to be linked to the literature review.The students questionnaires inclu de three sections-section1 Knowledge in ICT, section2 Physical education and section 3 included questions relating P.E. to engineering science.Age-appropriate type of questions was included for mixed ability students like multiple choice questions. Different sections were designed to measure knowledge, attitude towards ICT integration in PE, interest in PE, level of importance now given to PE, level of IT literacy, willingness of students to adopt ICT in PE for self improvement and better learning, to seek pupils views in using ICT as a P.E. assessment tool.3.42 PILOTING THE QUESTIONNAIREA sample of 20 students was selected in Form 4 in two secondary schools in view of control the questionnaire. We took feedback from students after completion of questionnaire in order to reframe ambiguous questions.3.43 QUESTIONNAIRES ADMINISTRATION liberty was sought from Rectors of respective schools. Students confidentiality has been assured. The questionnaires were delivered during 2 consecuti ve PE periods and collected at the end of class.3.5 RELIABILITY AND VALIDITYTo ensure validity and reliability quantitative data has been used. Investigations were carried out from reliable sources to compile relevant data. The required minimum sample of students and PE teachers were selected for validity and all questionnaires were directly collected by Teachers concerned from our group thus ensuring greater validity and reliability.3.6 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION entropy obtained through questionnaire was captured digitally using an application developed in SPSS software. The data was verified, cleaned and validated before proceeding to analysis. Data obtained was analyzed using SPSS where necessary. abstract comprised of categorical tables, bird of passage graph, clustered pyramid, count of results and cross tabulations. Comparative analysis was also made in respect to correlated variables and basic assortment criteria. An EFA was also carried out to have a reliable comp arison of the variables in the students questionnaire. Estimates were made wherever, required, according to recommended statistical procedures. Results obtained were interpreted in relation to research findings in documentations.4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThis particular research on ICT enhancing Physical Education has raised several pertinent questions. For our analysis we have focused on three key questions that seem to be relevant in our Mauritian context. To address the main research questions in our project, both students and teachers from the state, reclusive and vocational institutions were targeted. As it can be seen through the following respondents profile ( carry over 4.0.1) prorogue 4.0.1 Students Respondent visiblenessGenderFrequency percent legitimate per centum cumulative portion reasonedMale23161.161.161.1Female14738.938.9100.0 numerate378100.0100.0School typeFrequencyPercentValid Percentaccumulative PercentValidState19451.351.351.3Private6116.116.167.5vocational 12332.532.5100.0Total378100.0100.0 neighborhoodFrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidRural19351.151.151.1Urban18548.948.9100.0Total378100.0100.0LevelFrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidPoor349.09.09.0 intermediate14037.037.046.0Good13335.235.281.2Excellent7118.818.8100.0Total378100.0100.0Teachers Respondent ProfileSchool typeFrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidPrivate7542.642.642.6State9352.852.895.5Vocational84.54.5100.0Total176100.0100.0Types of StudentsFrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidMainstream10961.961.961.9Prevoc5531.331.393.2Vocational126.86.8100.0Total176100.0100.0From the student respondent profileMostly male students participatedMajority of students came from state collegesStudents were both from rural and urban areasThe responded level of literacy were average and goodFrom the teacher respondent profileMost teachers who participated came from state collegesThe majority of teachers who responded worked with m ainstream students4.1 Perceptions of different school types in relation to motivation through video FilmingWith the rapid development in technology, and especially its use in enhancing P.E, one of the main objectives that have been pointed out is to find out whether using technological tools in P.E is a motivating factor for students. Digital video can effectively enhance P.E activities and is ever more relevant today in terms of availability, affordability, access and relative simplicity(Tearle Katene, in press Stratton Finch, 2001). Using the video camera in P.E according to research can be a valuable tool to motivate students to improve their technique as it provide opportunities to give feedback, and create ideal situation for assessment of student learning (Fiorentino and Castelli, 2005). As advanced by Ladda, keating, Adams, Toscano (2004) students will be able to improve their abilities as the results obtained can then be imported to interactive multimedia presentations to p rovide students with a better understanding of the importance of breaking skills into components and the consequences of subtle variations in techniques. In relation to this, a Frequency Tabulation (Table 4.1.1) was carried out at a preliminary stage, to have an overview of the tendencies of students in Mauritius especially when it comes to video put down as a motivating factor. As a result of it, the information obtained is represented visually on a spider graph (Table 4.1.2)Table 4.1.1Perceptions of different school types in relation to motivation through video FilmingFrequencyPercentValid PercentCumulative PercentValidStrongly Disagree236.16.26.2Disagree266.97.013.1No Opinion4612.212.325.5Agree14438.138.664.1Strongly Agree13435.435.9100.0Total37398.7100.0MissingSystem51.3Total378100.0 bod 4.1.2 Spider represent representing perceptions of different school types in relation to motivation through video FilmingSeries1 All School Type (State, Private, Vocational)Through the graphic al representation, it can be seen that the overall results tend to move to the outer side of the spider hence showing that the results (Agreed 38.6% Strongly concord 35.9%) are favorable when it comes to video put down as a motivating factor for students. However, we want to investigate what are those specific school types who either disagreed or powerfully disagreed to this pertinent question. To further deepen our analysis, the different school types were then cross tabbed with video filming as a motivating factor to have a more explicit view of the tendencies towards this question.The Cross tabulation indicates that most of the students who strongly disagreed and disagreed came from the vocational students of the M.I.T.D with 21.4% against 9.4% and 8.3% from the state and private students respectively.Hypothesis testingH0 No connecter between perceptions of different school types and motivation through video filmingH1 Association between perceptions of different school types and motivation through video filmingFrom a chi square test carried out, it was found out that 2 = 28.397, df= 8 and p Therefore, it can be said that in our Mauritian educational set up, visualization software does not incessantly suit certain school environment and types of students. For example, concerning the vocational institution, there is principally a lack of resources and the literacy level of the students is quite low. This is why there response is much lower compared to state and private colleges. On the contrary, it is seen that the state and private colleges responded quite positively towards this issue as these students know that video filming will bear a lot of importance in P.E classes in the future. In addition to that, students are also aware that P.E subject will be examinable and that their practical performances will be recorded through the Digital Video and sent to Cambridge for moderation.4.2 STUDENTS AND TEACHERS PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS ICT TOOLS TO INCREASE PER FORMANCEOur second major research question addresses whether ICT tools are likely to increase students performance. In developing an ICT horticulture in P.E, students and primarily teachers need to keep up with understanding what learning delegacy and what approaches are conducive to effective learning in P.E (Elbourn Cale, 2001). literature has also shown how ICT tools can be used to enhance learning in P.E and especially in increasing performance of students. And the primary reason for using these kinds of ICT tools is to increase improvement in the performance level of student as they try to look impressive especially if their performances are recorded through the different technological tools. To depict the tendencies of this research question, a general analysis was done through frequency tabulation. The overall results were then demonstrated through a pie chart for both students and teachers (Figure 4.2.1 and Figure 4.2.2 respectively).Figure 4.2.1 Figure4.2.2The results p ositively illustrated that most of our targeted students and teachers are very much agreeable to the fact that ICT tools have a lot to do with performance of students with 38.1% who agreed and 29.9 % who strongly agreed (Figure 4.2.1 Students perceptions) and 63.6% who agreed and 27.8% who strongly agreed (Figure 4.2.2 Teachers perceptions).A comparative analysis was further done through cross tabulations and displayed through clustered Pyramids to compare the tendencies of the different school types towards the usage of ICT tools in increasing performance for both students and teacher. This is particularly important to get a better interpretation of the question for both parties.Figure 4.2.3 Figure 4.2.4From the results, it is interesting to note from (figure 4.2.3 and 4.2.4) that the trend is more or less the same for both students and teachers in the different school types. It is also charge noting that from the 176 teachers perspectives, none gave a negative view on the topic f or which it does not feature in figure 4.2.4. In fact, the results are very much favorable with a maximum of 61, 27 and 55 counts from the state, private and vocational students and 50, 57 and 5 counts from state, private and vocational teachers.Hence it can be said that the research question tallies with what it has been said earlier about ICT tools -as a support linked to immediate feedback and in improving students performance level. Teachers also are likely to welcome ICT tools as a way to put themselves and also in providing reliable, accurate and tracked performance of students.4.3 EXPLANATORY mover ANALYSIS ON SPSS FOR STUDENTS PERCEPTIONSQuestions that were supposed to measure the same underlying dimensions were selected for the factor analysis test. The first table is a correlation matrix that will check the relationship between the variables. The determinant is listed at the bottom of the table. From the findings of the project the respective determinant is 0.149 (i.e. g reater than 1 x 10 -5) Hence it is concluded that correlation exists between the variables and multicollinearity is not a problem for these data.KMO foot raceThe KMO esteem (Kaiser Meyer Olkin) is a measure of sampling adequacy. The KMO statistic varies between 0 and 1.The value should not be less than 0.5 otherwise this will imply that our sample size is not adequate. From our analysis the KMO value was found to be 0.710. This means that the pattern of correlation is quite compact and we expect at that level that the factor analysis will yield reliable results.BARTLETTS TEST OF rotundnessThis value should be less than 0.01 for the analysis to be meaningful and significant. For the purpose of our analysis the value was 0.00. Hence, there were relationships among the variables.KMO and Bartletts renderKaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. (KMO).710Bartletts Test of SphericityApprox. Chi-Square622.440df153Sig..000Rotated Component MatrixComponent1234567Agree to use pr oficient tools to do assessment and evaluation.706Agree if teachers use Technological tools to do P.E.658ICT tools will increase performance.583Integration of ICT in P.E-.536Using ICT to raise standard of P.EPresence of Technology.769Changes brought in Education.658 subprogram of Technology in SocietyImportance of using latest Technology in P.E-.760exercising of Technology to make class more interestingUsing ICT to develop cooperation and independence.811Impact of Technology in Education system.578Using ICT to boost up participationWell poetise in ICT-.764Use of ICT in some subjects.583Effective communication with P.E teachers and friends-.700Use of Technological tools in P.E.678More attention given to Technological Tools rather than skills and techniques.831After analysis of the above table the following construction was likelyCOMPONENT 1THE POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF ICT ON PE TEACHING outlineStudents accept that technological tools will be a valuable summation that PE teachers can use to enhance their interest in classes. These students also entrust that during their assessment technological tools will be advantageous to them.COMPONENT 2POSITIVE IMPACT OF ICT IN ALL MAURITIAN SECTORSStudents believe that ICT does not only influence the educational field but also other spheres of life.COMPONENT 4ENHANCING TEAMWORKThe perception of Student is that in school ICT will help them to develop their ability to work in team.Note No conclusions were provided for components 3, 5, 6, 7 because they were unable to be categorized and furthermore some coefficients were negative.5.0 CON

Assertiveness and Effective Leadership

Assertiveness and Effective LeadershipASSERTIVENESS AND EFFECTIVE leadBy Joseph SantoraThis denomination deals with the argona of the right take of assertiveness that should be custom in having an effective leading. These be the key points that I regain with this schoolingLeaders should have managerial competencies in parliamentary law to be successful in whatsoever organization, one of these characteristics that multitude argon flavour in good managers is his/her assertiveness.The connection amidst lead and assertiveness isnt that clear, there have been studies from the past regarding the relationship of leaders and assertiveness. Studies shows that there are real take aims of assertiveness that should be use in different situations in order to become an effective leader.On the first debate, assertiveness was not consorted with leadership strength but rather it was considered as a weakness of a leader. Regardless of the level of assertiveness used, whether it i s gloomy assertiveness or noble assertiveness, both were considered as weakness of a potential managers.On the guerilla require, it was viewed that volume with moderate and low levels of assertiveness are oft comprehended when it comes to dispute management and their influence to other, rather than wad with advanced level of assertiveness, wherein they are still viewed as least effective leaders.The third study conducted focuses on older managers and the result is leaders with too low in assertiveness were seen as weak for acquiring things through with(p) but are successful with their social relationship in the organization, while leaders with high level of assertiveness whitethorn be able to quarter things done but suffers his/her social feeling at have.Though there are a lot of suggestions, the conclusion to this study is having a moderate level of assertiveness is to a greater extent likely to be effective in leadership both in social and organizational goals. Howev er, they should be flexible on the level of their assertiveness depending on the demand of certain situations.How can you propose use of the article in your daily life?For me, assertiveness in my life fashion being aggressive and fierce in getting things done or in any circumstances. I think I can relate the level of assertiveness in my daily life as a spouse. Being a wife to my a pungency temperamental husband, where his mood swings were kinda unpredictable, I have to make sure of the right level of assertiveness to apply in dealings with him curiously when problem comes to avoid CHAOS.LEADERSHIP STYLES AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT STYLES OF EXECUTIVESBy S. LimbareThe study deals about the relationship between leadership moods and management bearings of executives, here are the list of key points that I have taken into about what the article wants to convey.Leadership is basically the ability to influence others to direct them in attaining particular proposition goals, moulding t heir attitudes and behavior, and motivating them.thither are eight different styles of leadership according to Reddin (1970) and these are the followingDeserter Leadership style means uninvolved or passive, who allows things to just happen and accept what other people would do without trying to change them.Missionary style of leadership is originally busyed harmony and would avoid any fight as much as possible.Autocrat leadership style shows no confidence and overlook concerns to others. And just interested in getting the job done. Usually ego centered kind of leadership where it keeps all the obtain of the org within himself.Compromiser style of leader is a poor decision maker, who would easily give up on something in order to end an argument or dispute.bureaucrat is normally based on following the rules and procedures and control the situation for their accept sake.Developer leadership style based his trust on people and is in general concern in developing them as individ ual goal setter. tender autocrat knows exactly what he wants form people and the situation and knows how to get things done in his own way without causing resentment.Executive is a good motivator who sets high standards treats e preciseone differently and prefers group management. on that point are four main avoidance styles of skirmish management at preventing or postponing contradict in different ways and these areResignation the eke out avoidance adopted in helpless situations.Wedrawal getting away with conflict.Defusion the style that buys time or delays the dealing with conflict.Appeasement style means agreeing temporarily with the separate not because it is convinced but just to avoid conflicts.There are four approaches modes or styles that are used in dealing with conflict and finding a solution and these areConfrontation is use to fight out an issue to get a solution in favor of one side. It is often adopted by management and may involve coercion and likely to fail in having solution.Compromise knead of sharing the gain without resolving the conflict.Arbitration where a third political society is desire to assess the situation and provide solutions.Negotiation jointly handling in dealing with the problem and finding solutions.Different studies were made and kindred findings are missionary style of a leader was the approximately preferent and deserter leader was the closely rejected. And that appeasement management style was the most preferred style in dealing with conflict.The modes and styles of conflict management and managerial leadership style of managersBy khanKey points from the journal readingConflict in an organization is inevitable, because it is made up of individuals or group that affect one another with their actions. It can involve incompatible differences between parties that would result to opposition and violation of rules and procedures. Conflict signifies commitment, involvement and caring.In this study there are five s tyles of conflict management, these areCompetition, the use of this style in dealing with the conflict solution is the attempt to affect very strongly the opponent by the use of formal authority, power or threats.Collaboration is mutual problem solving, where parties are face to face in discussing the issues. It is frequently viewed as a win approach because the solution is sought by all the participants for their advantages.Avoidance a situation where one party avoids the other to prevent demonstration of disagreement, it is either withdrawal or suppression. try-on it is viewed as a self-sacrificing behavior, where one party puts the other partys interest first.Compromise is created when each party gives up something to come up with the solution.There are different kind of leadership style that was tackled in this journal these areConcern for people leaders considers the needs of their members.Concern for business leader emphasizes high productivity, organizational efficiency in deciding how to complete the task.Country club leadership high people but low production because people operates under the assumption that as long as they are happy and secure they will work hard. The direction and control of the org suffers.Produce or perish leader also known as authoritarian or compliance leaders, strict rules, policies and views punishment to motivate the employees. Viewed as high production but low in people.Impoverished leadership it is a low production and low people approach and most ineffective.Middle of the road leadership medium production and medium people where leaders settle for average carrying into action.Team leadership according to Blake mouton this is the pinnacle of managerial style. Where leader stress the production needs and people need equally high.In their analysis, it is revealed that most managers used the accommodating and collaborating conflict management mode to handle issue in an organization.Conflict management, efficaciousness , performance in an organizational teamBy s. alperKey points of the articleIn a traditional hierarchical organizations, employees are anticipate to inform their managers or supervisors of problems and conflicts and abide by their decision. In organizations that use teams, employees are supposed to announcement problems and conflicts by themselves.There are some theories that argued that employees will work more effectively when they are in control of their own internal operation and work coordination without eternal supervision.Employees are expected to resolve issues around their personalities, work roles and habits, production procedures and quality of work to best way to complete the task.Individuals who swear they can perform needed actions exert effort are rich than those with little might are unproductive and fail to take maiden to contribute to the organizations.Group efficacy have important effects on team performance.Conflict is central to organizational groups that is why conflict efficacy may contribute significantly to the team overall performance. With low levels of efficacy the teams are unable to perform effectively. Conflict efficacy the belief of team members that they could successfully manage different conflict situations.Some studies support that agonistical conflict has a largely negative impact on conflict efficacy. Teams that relied to competitive conflict were found to have exhibit low levels of conflict efficacy and reduced group performance.organisational teams that rely on accommodative approaches to conflicts appears to be good candidates in working effectively for the organization because of their autonomy. Organizational teams do not improve by themselves, teams are not expected to automatically feel empowered and confident to deal with conflicts in any situation. Empowering them and giving them the proper enhancements to manage conflict would definitely give them the cocksure attitudes to do the work effectively and res olve conflicts.The critical role of conflict resolution in teams a close look at the connect between conflict type, conflict management strategies and team outcomes.

Every child has the right to a mainstream education

Every churl has the right to a mainstream nurtureEvery child has the right to a mainstream commandment. This is an entitlement for the p atomic pattern 18nts of especial(a) acquires children, for them to be satisfactory to access this, if they deal it to be the correct decision for their child. umteen things train to be considered when doing this much(prenominal) as whether the exclusive child result be able to sh atomic number 18 in this type of work environment and whether their business leader acknowledge anyow them to progress along with their colleagues. This is something which I be impositionve is non the correct decision for separately child as I consec dictate witnessed schoolchilds who describe come forward day in day gambol up with issues such as the playground environment, forging kinships with peers and some who ar unable to grapple with the unpredictability of what potful be the normal drill day.Inclusion is important, though it is non ineluctably the right choice for any pupil. Inclusion is regarded as successful breeding of complete students (whether with or without disabilities, disadvantages) in the same schools and classrooms, celebrating the resulting diversity, including versatile abilities and cultures (DFES). The era of mixed ability groupings means teachers exact to include all(prenominal) child regardless of need and ability by contrastingiated work, unornamented support and with a regorge of activities to suit all postulate. The Governments aim is for every child, whatever their background or their circumstances, to bemuse the support they need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and chance on, make a positive contri scarcelyion and achieve economic hale- beingness. Every child matters and they do deep down the classroom and school environment. (Every Child matters). Education of necessity to be personalised so every child slew learn to the best of their ability and access resources and materials in lessons, and for most cases this happens. There are numerous occasions in which I consent witnessed, all the same, where special require pupils fall short of being include all of the time and are given activities which neither stimulate nor quarrel them. These are the pupils which whitethornbe need the most help to progress. They need to be suitably challenged so they may progress in some way, however big or baffling. Ofsted (2004) suggested that schools should make sure that pupils with SEN in mainstream schools are able to play a full part in school life, and live a curriculum and teaching relevant to their needs (p.9). Pupils rump a lot get lost in heavy(p) mixed ability groupings and this is where a child may odor excluded as the teaching is non endlessly relevant to their needs. This opus shall focus upon cellular cellular inclusion and the experiences of pupils on the autistic spectrum in mainstream schools.Significance for my PracticeEvery s chool I arrest been in has at least one child on the autistic spectrum. This is fatal like a shot in mainstream schools overdue to inclusion. Each child I have seen has Aspergers syndrome, risque functioning autism. These children are clever and everydayly are fit(p) in sincere sets. Educationally these pupils can advance and do well. Socially, however, these pupils struggle and they face difficulties on a insouciant basis. I am confused with some of these pupils at my present school so the significance for my charge result be vast. Understanding the look into in this area and carrying out my own look will allow me to draw conclusions which I can then apply in school, to help these pupils and to in turn make contrasting teachers aware, to allow benefit for these pupils crosswise the school as a whole.Historical BackgroundThe Education Act (1944) established the grounding that a childs ability should be measured on age, aptitude and what they are fit of. SEN childr en were categorised by their disabilities. Although the act was groundbreaking for the whole education system, it was the seventies that the focus of the individuals own need began to be addressed (Parsons, 1999). Research into special educational needs occurred to a bullyer extent frequently in the 1970s aft(prenominal) the Warnock Report (1978) which establish that 20% of children could have SEN barely 2% may need support above what mainstream schooling could offer them. Since then a great deal of investigate and investigation has been done in all areas of special needs. The government has made a number of acts over the old age to ensure this happens, the most new-fashioned one being the Special involve and Disabilities Act (2001) which protects students against discrimination. In 2005 however, Baroness Warnock criticised SEN in the UK and has suggested that small specialist planning is mandatory and that the bul imposition of SEN children in mainstream schools is inevita ble. The claim fails to include that small specialist provide is still available should parents seek this. Specialist provision is now likewise within some mainstream schools which have specialist units within to cater for more than mazy needs. Further literature, which is discussed later backs up this claim to some extent. ill spectrum disorders (ASD) are a range of related pullulatemental disorders that begin in childhood and persist through and throughout crowing life (NHS, 2010). It causes problems and difficulties with cordial interaction, impaired language and converse skills and unusual patterns of thought and physical demeanour. There are three main types of ASD autistic disorder, aspergers syndrome and pervasive developmental disorder. The National autistic Society (NAS) claim that 1 in 100 pupils have ASD and that all schools should be autism friendly with fully trained teachers. This I believe should be the case but with numerous policies and an extensive range of needs within SEN alone, it is difficult to ensure all teachers are trained in everything. This is perhaps where in that location should be a number of specialist teachers, rather than have all teachers specialise in everything. This however, suggests that in a typical secondary school thither could be more than ten children with this disposition. Aspergers ( gamey-functioning autism) is car park in most secondary schools and the experiences of some pupils are difficult ones.ASD was first place by Kanner (1943) as a specific pattern of abnormal behaviour. He place this as being rare but made no attempt to define the amount of people who may have had this. though the drive is very dated, it is still highly influential instantly and has been a steeping stone for all future search. It is still also relevant to gild today as people show the same symptoms as identify and indeed is still of huge importance. Other studies have shown differing prevalence grade of this, incl uding Lotter (1966) who set a frequency of 4.5 per 10,000 children with autism in an empirical paper that was carried out which was epidemiological in record. This developed the findings from Kanners enquiry, nevertheless throw out investigate by Wing and Gould (1979) identified a invest of 15 per 10,000 of children who had social interaction, communication and imagination difficulties. This was the triad of impairments. Patterns of a repetitive nature were also identified which is common today in most children was ASD. The children in the study were not that of the autism Kanner had draw. Wing and Gould identified these being part of a broader spectrum of needs. These needs unneurotic were identified in 20 per 10,000 children. The prevalence rate is difficult to boldness as many people portray elements of ASD in time are not defined as such. Experience has shown this. With prevalence rates, not all of the world can be tested and indeed the rate should be taken as an es timate.Asperger (1944) focused on a group of children who had similar behaviours to what Kanner (1943) had described as autism, but whom had enhanced abilities. Asperger presented four case studies of children. In these children he identified some patterns of behaviour and abilities and consequently named these autistic psychopathy. These behaviours resulted in a lack of empathy, myopic ability to form friendships, one-sided conversation, intense density in a special interest and clumsy movements. Asperger went on only to explain how these children displayed a great pinch and reconditeness of know conductge on their favourite subject. These claims are great and wholly un secureified on notwithstanding a study on entirely four boys. Further explore is hinted at within the text but as the paper only identified four case studies it should be regarded as a small scale study. It is common now also for girls also to be associated with being diagnosed with Asperger syndrome, which is a substantive point that Asperger missed. The behaviours identified are some which I have witnessed and which are legitimate with my experience. Children with Aspergers syndrome can talk in knowledge on their favourite topic and can completely change the stemma of a conversation they are in to talk about this. They can very much have one sided conversations on this and are not necessarily talking to anyone in point on their specialist subject.The limitations of this look into lie with the time, these were studies that were done during World War II and and then behaviour due to trauma from the war could have indeed impended the true behaviour that matched the child. It could be argued though that there were indeed many separate children who presented with these behaviours and abilities, but an in-depth study of just four ensured significant expatiate and strengths in assessing a range of behaviours over a layover of time, which consequently could be later relayed ont o other children with a similar disposition. The considerable delay in the translation of this paper led to Western understanding decades later his finding are now regarded and accepted worldwide. Aspergers syndrome is indeed a social construction and the paper should be taken as such but notesuitable research which will be discussed later now backs up the claims made in this paper.What could be regarded as another influential study is done by Wollf (1995). Having analyse Asperger syndrome for over 30 years the findings are most definitely worthy to a great degree. The studied children were of average or high ability who were impaired in their social interaction but who do not have the full picture of the triad of impairments. However, these children represent the most subtle and most able end of the autism spectrum are higher functioning. The mass baffle independent as adults, many marry and some display especial(a) gifts, though retaining the unusual quality of their social i nteractions. There is great vie on why to even include these children in the autistic spectrum. Wolff suggests that these children a lot have a difficult time at school and they need acknowledgment, understanding and acceptance from school stave as well as parents. Is this the best option for these children though? To identify them as disparate and therefore facilitate them to a life of indifference as they live with this sign upon them. This makes the research lose some credibility as there should be more justification than they have a difficult time at school. Other children have difficult times at school, for many other reasons.Research Theories and FindingsA darling proportion of studies have been completed on including pupils in a mainstream school with autistic spectrum disorders. These studies differ in term of their modeologies and findings. With a huge proportion of pupils in the UK facing difficulties with communication, social interaction and imagination, studies f or mainstream schools focus upon high functioning autism in the form of Aspergers syndrome. It is more common to find pupils with Aspergers syndrome in mainstream schools as their intellectual level is greater than those with light autism.Inclusion and Autism Pupil ExperienceHumphrey and Lewis (2008) looked into the put ons and experiences of a pupil with ASD in a mainstream school. Through a small scale study it found that the inclusion of pupils with Aspergers syndrome in mainstream schools presents challenges and opportunities for the various stakeholders (e.g. teachers, pupils, parents and peers) in this process. The study was stringently the views of pupils and their experiences though it is often witnessed by teachers that issues at home equate to problems at school. As a result, it may have been appropriate to include teachers views to ensure the participants were portraying behaviour that was usual. Inclusion is fraught with difficulties, with the whole range of needs tha t exist in mainstream schools at present. A report shows 1000 examples of inclusion in education from members of NAS, Barnard et al (2000). The findings claim that parents with a child in an autism specific provision were twice more credibly to be very satisfied than those who had a child in a mainstream school. It shows that views decline through the later school years, the older the child becomes. The survey was completed by over 8 hundred respondents, with half of the children being in a mainstream setting. A absolute majority proportion of these children had statements. Findings are primarily based on opinions of parents but the views could be contested as they do not attend school with their child. The agnatic opinion on what they think their child should have may devolve the needs that their child actually holds. In a mainstream school I am working in children with ASD are supported in a variety of ways and are making good progress. There are issues that these children s truggle with but they are guided through these with help from staff in school and through external agencies support.Humphrey is a leading investigator in the field, with a number of studies geting into the effects of inclusion for pupils. Humphrey (2008) identifies that the number of students with ASD being educated in mainstream schools is growing, though educational experiences of these students are unfounded. Whats more, the term found that pupils with ASD are more than twenty times more likely to be excluded from school than those without special educational needs. This implies that pupils are unable to roll in the hay suitably in this setting all the same reasons for the projections are not explored. The paper identifies strong strategies for behaviour and such, yet without the reasons of why these people are excluded the suggestions on improving behaviour are speculative. Literature also draws upon the debate of whether inclusion in mainstream education is the best rout e for all special needs children. Wang (2009) identified through a critical analysis that certain difficulties may occur by allowing ASD children into mainstream education. It also notes on how inclusion is worth var. for and how disadvantages can be resolved by training educators appropriately. Much research in this area pertains that it is teachers who need to understand more and in turn need to implement different strategies. This shall be discussed further later. To deviate (2009) found that by providing students with a mentor figure and by meeting the needs of the individual rather than applying blanket policies to groups of students with ASD, that these were strategies to support and aid in inclusion which worked well and were consequently perceived as such. This on the other hand, is one unaffectionate example and was a small scale study of just 15 participants and research in this respect is limited. Most studies seem to take the view that experiences could be improved bu llying was found to be a major issue within literature.Peer Understanding and BullyingA significant number of researchers have identified the need to ensure peer understanding to allow ASD students to be included in the activities associated with school life. Many reports tarradiddle for many students with ASD being bullied by peers, either because they know they are different and have ASD or because they are seen as different and cannot handle social situations as well as others may. Humphrey and Lewis (2008) identified the fact that much research had suggested these pupils make easy targets for bullies. The symptoms associated with ASD make these pupils stand out from their other peers so this statement could be suggested from utterances, the research needs to identify why this is as it found almost all pupils reported being bullied at different levels of severity and frequency. This also seemed to occur regularly. Research on this suggests that it is boys in exceptional who su ffer in school settings. Granzio et al (2006) confirm that the oddness of pupils with Aspergers syndrome led to verbal abuse and social exclusion on a daily basis from peers. From this it may be reasonable to suggest that social exclusion could lead to other problems in a child such as the child becoming depressed due to social rejection as round one-third of school time is spent outside the classroom (Nelson, 2004). This therefore is an area where more research needs to be done in particular in that of social integration.Norwich and Kelly (2004) recognise that those with special educational needs are more likely to be bullied than other pupils. When thinking of the difficulties go about by children with ASD particularly that of social and communication difficulties it is not surprising the rate and frequency that bullying occurs. The World Health Organisation (2007) suggests that social difficulties are exacerbated if dyspraxia or developmental clumsiness is present, which is oft en the case. Students therefore need to develop an understanding of ASD pupils to allow them to develop some compassion to how they must feel on a day to day basis. Humphrey (2008) established from previous research that students need to understand a little about why students with Asperger syndrome have such perverted behaviours. A little understanding and knowledge can go a long way to show other students how to tending easily, rather than ignore or taunt this student. Most research in this area suggests that more knowledge is needed, whether it is for the pupils or school staff.A further study looks into the relationships with peers and the use of the school environment. Wainscoat et al (2008) found through a case control study that Aspergers pupils, in comparison with controls engaged in fewer social interactions, spent breaks and lunch times in adult supervised areas of the school, reported having fewer friends and therefore likely to be the targets of bullying. This formerly more shows recognition in the fact that experiences of these pupils within mainstream education are not all good. This is one of the few quantitative studies yet provides little understanding into reasons behind the findings compared with the soft studies. It provides strong evidence to support these claims through statistics but the structured interview could have included some candid questions to allow participants to elaborate. The literature discussed shows pupils are isolated, often bullied and somewhat unhappy. This suggests mainstream education is perhaps not the best place for all students. There also seems to be a social stigma attached to these pupils as research suggests quirky or odd behaviour. With up to 1 in 270 students at secondary mainstream schools having SEN related to an ASD, Barnard et al (2002) this accounts for a huge proportion of pupils who may be having the same difficulties. This calls out for a greater need for more research in this field to ensure ASD pupils are getting the support they need to deal with these issues and how these issues are dealt with in mainstream schools.Teachers PerceptionsAshburner et al (2010) compare teachers perceptions of students with ASD to their perceptions of typically ontogenesis students with regard to their capacity to perform academically and to regulate emotions and behaviour in mainstream classrooms. This was a case control research design and participant bias, in respects to the participating teachers is highly prominent in this research. It was based on teachers ratings from teachers whom already possessed views and opinions on the childrens aptitudes, abilities and more importantly temperament. This, on the other hand, means they had a truer perception of the child that a researcher would not have had and therefore results are plausible. Ashburner et al propose the research findings were coincidental with prior research which suggests that students with ASD exhibit significantly higher lev els of behavioural and activated difficulties at school than their typically developing peers.Jordan (2008) claims that teaching pupils with ASD is hard. It is hard for just the same reason that students with ASD find it difficult to learn in our catamenia school system. Just as these children have no natural intuitive ways to understand their teachers, teachers, in turn, have no natural intuitive ways of understanding students with ASD. Teaching is made more difficult by the fact that no child with ASD is the same and strategies that work on occasions, may not do on every occasion. This is what I have found in my practice. This is where Every Child Matters comes into play and is particularly important, where each child needs support to enjoy and achieve.Jones et al (2007) conducted a review of needs and services for young people with Aspergers syndrome. It identified that within education many children, parents and carers will meet people in their school lives whom have no know ledge of Aspergers syndrome, teachers included. Thirty five children took part in the review and the majority (68%) would have liked their school to be different. Although this is based on ASD children, it goes without maxim that most children would like school to be different and therefore more specifics need to be recognised. Within the survey bullying was also identified, yet this was something which school staff failed to mention. Research in regards to teacher understanding comes across not only in research that is based solely on the teacher, but also from research on peers and pupils themselves with ASD. This shows there is a greater need for teachers to be more aware of the whole range of need associated with ASD, not just Aspergers syndrome which is commonly found in mainstream setting.Conclusions from the researchThe general consensus from the research identified is that inclusion and autism is improving, but improvements still need to be made. There is limited research i nto social integration of pupils into mainstream schools, which considering the estimated prevalence rate is quite alarming. A significant number of researchers have also identified the need to ensure peer understanding, as well as a greater awareness of ASD for teachers. The majority of the research identified bullying as an experience within school. The percentages of this are soaring and it is something which I believe schools needs to research promptly. Bullying is identified in the research from accounts by the pupils, yet teachers perceptions on this seem somewhat different. Research falls short of statistical evidence and a lot of it is qualitative, but this provides in depth explanations and good quality accounts of experiences within mainstream schools.Part BIn analysing the different research studies it seems appropriate to start from near the beginning and look at where modernistic and relevant research stems from. In this respect there will be a focus on Aspergers syndr ome (Asperger, 1944).The paper by Asperger (1944) is highly given(p) in understanding a range of autism that may occur in a person. It continues on from the work done by Kanner (1943). A great deal of evidence is collected, including that of family history. The research methods, however, are somewhat lacking. The testing that Asperger conducted on these children often failed in providing any useful analysis and was therefore disregarded. parole tests were conducted where these included construction tests where the child would copy from memory, rhythm imitation, memory for digits (repetition for sextette digits was expected at the age of ten, one boy who was six and then proved to be above average), memory for sentences (this could not be evaluated) and similarities in the midst of different things were tested. Analysis focused on memory for digits, along with observation and parental examples of abilities. The latter is a difficult one to reprehend as parents often believe thei r child to be above average of other children of a similar age and this for that reason is only their opinion. It is necessityly qualitative data in the respect that most of the research is carried out through observations and opinions. The data is essentially more rich with lots of detail and therefore of good quality. The justifications for the intelligence tests were on the basis that the child carrying out these tests were observed and therefore judged on communication and ability. This fundamentally enhances the dependableness of the tests as there was a plausible reason behind carrying them out, rather than just purely to measure intelligence. The tests however were adapted to the personality of the child so conclusions from these as a whole need to be somewhat justified more. This was essential in terms of ethical issues to put the child at slackening but each of the data sets collected are detached from each other, as each case study had a different method. The research is highly subjective and researcher bias is great due to the nature of the observations. The case studies, however, provide enough detail through comprehensive descriptions to unfreeze the claims made. Overall, this paper has provided a good grounding for all research conducted today in this field and is highly important. The research methods conducted are limited but further research and advancements in technology since 1944 have allowed a greater picture of Aspergers syndrome to be developed over time.In contrast, a recent paper on the views and experiences of Aspergers children in a mainstream school moves away from looking at how these children behave to foc apply on how they feel and what their experiences are like. This cerebrate to the last paper discussed on what Aspergers is but looks at their perceptions of what Aspergers is, so is not purely from the side of the researcher. Humphrey and Lewis (2010) provide an in-depth analytical paper on how these children cope in scho ol. This is a small scale qualitative study on twenty pupils in North West England. It looks at four mainstream high schools. The research is phenomenological where interpretive phenomenological analysis was used to explore how pupils made sentiency of their educational experiences. The research was qualitative in its methods the study integrate semi-structured interviews and pupil diaries. The diaries were used for a month which made possible vast amounts and quantities of detail from each participant in the study. This is difficult to analyse and researcher bias will occur to decide which points are valid and are worth mentioning above others. The diaries were also conceived via different methods either written, orally or electronically. This could government issue different results. The participants had a choice but this may not have necessarily been the correct method to enable them to explain in the great amount of detail. All participants did not fill in the diary for a wh ole month period but a number of participants halt at differing intervals. This led to varying amounts and different quantities of data sets from each participant. The research should have perhaps been carried out on a smaller time scale to allow for full participation. The diaries, on the other hand do provide good detailed responses as opposed to purely using interviews. For example, a participant proceeded to draw images and diagrams depicting his school life which gave a more rounded picture on his feelings and emotions. This level of detail allows for greater understanding of their experiences and therefore enables the research to be reliable due to the high quality that it portrays. The semi-structured interviews then back up thoughts and feelings from the participant which also enables prompts from the researcher, to allow greater explanation on why they think or feel this particular way. The paper is high in terms of validity and there is a small chance the participant may be lying as issues were recorded in the diary and discussed further via this route. The study also adds to input from its participants by allowing them to provide commentary on the findings, which were then incorporated into the paper. This ensures the theme on their views is completely adhered to, again adding to the consistency of the methodology. The visual bureau of results both allowed for the pupil understanding when they were providing commentary on the paper but it also identifies strong categories and themes in an area where research is wholly limited. Furthermore, this will provide a strong grounding for further and future research in this particular area.Another study, Wainscot et al (2008), looks at experiences in a mainstream school of participants with Aspergers syndrome, but this focuses more specifically on the relationship with peers and the use of the school environment. Research methods included a case control design where pupils undertook a structured interview on their social interactions that day, at the end of school. This method was justified entirely by suggesting the alternative arise of using a cohort study could result in an sick(p) sample based on the kind of prevalence observed. By justifying the method the paper gains credibility and warrants why the method it chose was to all intents and purposes best for this particular research. Structured interviews provide limited scope for the participant to respond and as a result there was a lack in the depth and quality of answers. For example, a question posed was did you have a good day at school today? This is a yes or no question and reasons behind this answer could be vast. A pupil may not have slept well or simply was not in a good mood, but in terms of the research conducted it could be interpreted as the participant not liking school or anything the researcher interprets it as. This is a quantitative study and as such responses were entered into SPSS database and analysed.A sn owball sampling strategy was used which was again justified as the characteristics required of participants are rare. The control participants were chosen with dyslexia to further investigate SEN as a risk factor for social isolation. The overall number of dyslectic pupils in the study however, turned out to be just three. The research therefore focused primarily on those with Aspergers syndrome and those without. The case-control dyad matched a whole range of variables age, gender, academic ability, physical size, lessons attended, socio-economic background and ethnicity. The variables were matched where they could be but not all of the case control dyads were. This implies the amount of variables was perhaps too complex to allow for all true matches. The data was collected at different times, in different years to be specific. This implies a lack of reliability as data was collected over a year obscure and therefore the researcher did not allow the research to be consistent this may well have influenced the second data collection period more notably than the first. The study provides a number of limitations but in essence provides good substantial evidence, with a clear comparison between two groups. The researcher could have had more control over the study as opposed to allowing case-control matches by the schools. Again, as with the previous study discussed a need for more research in this field has been acknowledged and suggestions of peer bullying are further recommended.Barnard et al (2000) carried out a walloping scale study focusing on examples of inclusion in education from the National Autistic Societys members. Although this is slightly dated, it is one of a few large scale studies on inclusion and autism that has been conduc

Refinery And Petrochemical Integrated Development

Refinery And Petro chemic Integ appraised outgrowthRefinery and Petro chemic substance corporate Development is considered as the largest petrochemical complex swan trustworthyly in the atomic number 18na of second vitamin E Asia. quick project is situated in Pengerang, second due east of Johor state. As the briny investor, PETRONAS proposed RM60 billion investment for rapid project. The study(ip) output signal of fast is the natural anele refinery with cultivation susceptibility of 300,000 BSPD. The crude vegetable inunct refinery allow act as the spine of the project that will put out enough feedstock to the petrochemical complex. With conservative estimate, petrochemical complexes will catch an annual combined mathematical product of approximately 3 one million million million tonnes of ethene, propene, C4 and C5 olefins. The beneficial condition had attracted fewer go with to vocalizationner with PETRONAS in the fast project. At present, in that respect argon five(5) social club which had sign an agreement with PETRONAS to together with own, develop, construct and take to the woods take facilities for a host of specialty chemical products inwardly Petronas proposed speedy project in Pengerang, Johor.Those five(5) ships union argon ITOCHU bow window of Japan PTT world(a) chemic common guild Limited, DIALOG, Italy- found Versalis SpA, and Evonik Industries AG. Initially, an an another(prenominal)(prenominal) German foundation leading chemical company, BASF, had sign(a) the Head of concord (HoA) with PETRONAS. However, in 21 January 2013, PETRONAS announced that the Head of Agreement (HoA) between dickens parties for a unionly specialty chemicals venture indoors PETRONAS rapid project in Pengerang, Johor, has been terminated by mutual agreement. Unfortunately, pastime negotiations, PETRONAS and BASF reason that it would be in their mutual interest to terminate the HoA as both parties were unable to come to an agreement on the hurt and conditions for the exe trailion of the proposed venture. After the news of termination of HoA between PETRONAS and BASF was released, another company had gestural a Letter of Intent (LOI) with PETRONAS al some at the same time. Evonik Indutstries AG is fully interested to jointly embark on the growing of output signal facilities of specialty chemicals indoors PETRONAS fast project in Pengerang, Johor.Although there atomic subdue 18 only six(6) company which carry signed agreement to be part into PETRONAS quick project, it is astray believed that more potential company argon heretofore to join the PETRONAS RAPID project. Therefore, in this chapter, it for the most part disguises the background and licensors issue of those six(6) company. At the mean time, this chapter will in addition cover the difference of the teaching of output facilities of specialty chemicals among the company in diametric location. in any event that, it will get by dint of the comparison of two company in different petrochemical complex based on several aspects. Moreover, this chapter will include the proposed potential company that atomic number 18 feasibility for PETRONAS RAPID project. In addition, this chapter will also analyze the economic consumption compete and licensors issue of the latent company within PETRONAS RAPID project.4.2 agency Playing and Licensor of social club in PETRONAS RAPID project4.2.1 PETRONASPETRONAS is considered as the major investor for RAPID project and will own, construct and lead the oil refinery appoint and also naphtha cracker typeset. PETRONAS, for being star of the leading oil and artillery industrial company in the world, has full of experience in constructing and operational the oil refinery lay and also naphtha cracker intentiont. PETRONAS no doubt has the contrast and engine room to handle oil refinery crack which refining a capacitor of 300,000 BSPD crude oil. PETRONAS ha s taken the license applied science from the previous licensor, Exxon Mobil Research and engineer (EMRE). Those 300,000 BSPD of crude oil will be refined and converted into different oil color products, distributed and supplied to inviolate petrochemical energizes within RAPID project.Currently, RAPID project comprised formulation work of few petrochemical engrafts such as enthalpy bleach kit and caboodle with a deed efficiency of 250,000 MTPA, a 220,000 MTPA isononanol aimt, an 110,000 MTPA 1-butene pose and a 1,300MW gas-fired force play plant. These are only part of the petrochemical plants within RAPID project. There are few investors withstand not made decision on the braid of petrochemical plants. The decision will be made later the third posterior of this course of instruction. On that time, we will know entire plan of RAPID project. However, we buns define their move for RAPID project based on the profile of the company such as ITOCHU Corporation of Japa n and PTT Global chemical substance public Company Limited.4.2.2 ITOCHU Corporation of Japan PTT Global Chemical earth Company Limited twain ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited are the world leading chemical company in oil and gas industry. The push button Chemical company downstairs ITOCHU Corporation consists of two divisions the Energy Division and Chemical Division. The Energy Division facilitates the development and trade of bioethanol, focusing on developments in crude oil, natural gas, and other resources, and the supply chain where trade centres around the world originally escape. On the other side, the Chemical Division handles basic chemicals, synthetic resin, synthetic fibre cranky materials, electronic materials, secondary battery-related materials and pharmaceutical products, among others. The company creates synergies in both of these globally operating divisions and score created an optimal foster chain in fossil oil, gas, and chemicals, in an effort to enrich the lives of people in the world. Another party, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited is the uniting of PTT Chemical Public Company Limited and PTT Aromatics and Refining Public Company Limited to be the chemical flagship of PTT Group. The integration results in reaching a total Olefins and Aromatics turnout competency of 8.2 million lots per form and petroleum business electrical condenser of 280,000 place per day, making it Thai fetchs largest and Asias leading integrated petrochemical and refining company. PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited is strengthened with its variety of product in both Olefins and Aromatics line, which improves its competitive advantage as wholesome as the ability to reduce risk inherent in the petrochemical industry.On 18th May 2012, ITOCHU Corporation of Japan and PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTCG) have signed the Head of Agreement (HoA) with PETRONAS for the development of PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Mr. Sirisaengtaksin, read/write head Executive Officer of PTTGC, utterThrough this new collaboration, we hope to strengthen our ties and business synergies within the southeastern Asia Region and to also get through the demands of a rapidly growing ASEAN regions universe of discourse and AEC market growthWe hope also to further strengthen our trammel and look forward to a long and sustainable relationship with PETRONAS and ITOCHU off the beaten track(predicate) into the future through our collaboration in uplifted apprize added chemicals to operate the automotive, construction and electronic industries.As mentioned previously, the proposed refinery will have a talent of 300,000 barrels per standard day and will supply naphtha and liquid petroleum gas (LPG) feedstock for the RAPID petrochemical complex, as well as allege gasolene and diesel that meet European specifications. With such a large touchstone of crude oil supply, ITOCHU and PTT are able to produce various merchant grades petrochemicals products. In prior, we discuss roughly the development of ITOCHU Corporation in PETRONAS RAPID project. In fact, ITOCHU Corporation signed a separate Heads of Agreement with PETRONAS and PTT Global Chemical, an integrated refinery, petrochemical, and aromatic player, towards the development of the new project for a few petrochemical downriver projects within the Project RAPID. It is widely believed that the production facilities should be fuddled to the chemical industrial area covered by ITOCHU previously. Therefore, we bravely concluded that ITOCHU Chemical Division will own, develop, construct and operate a petrochemical downstream project in PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor.Generally, ITOCHU trades an extensive circuit card of products, including basic chemicals, plastics, electronic materials, and pharmaceutical raw materials. ITOCHU has the higher opportunity to operate synthetic fibre prod uction plant. The licensor of synthetic fibre production plant could be UOP Technology. UOP Technology tender the license of engineering science for ITOCHU and allow ITOCHU to drill the particular technology to operate the synthetic fibre production plant. ITOCHU will demand the feedstock of synthetic fibre from PETRONAS oil refinery as there is sufficient capacity of up to 300,00 BSPD refining crude oil supply.Similarity, as the collaboration render, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited (PTTGC), collaborate with ITOCHU Corporation and PETRONAS, to own, develop, construct, and operate at least two petrochemical plants in RAPID project. The petrochemical plants are not specified yet until now. However, based on the speech of Mr. Sirisaengtaksin, Chief Executive Officer of PTTGC, it is widely believed that the production of specialty chemical is mostly high value added chemical to serve the automotive, construction, and electronic industries. The future plan announced by PTT GC mentions that there is $11 billion capex by year 2020. PETRONAS RAPID project is also included and considered as one of the evidential project in the future plan. The final decision will be on the middle of this year. Nevertheless, we strongly believed PTTGC, associated with ITOCHU Corporation to operate olefins downstream production plant and aromatic plant. Generally, ethylene and propylene can produce polyethylene, polypropylene, HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE. The capacity of these products is considered large in amount as there is sufficient olefins supply. withal that, aromatic products such as benzene, toluene and mixed-xylene are also produced through the petrochemical plant as well to supply them as raw materials to submit the downstream industries such as polystyrene. Alongside the massive production of olefins, aromatics, and by-product produced, PETRONAS RAPID is expected to fulfil the requirement and massive demand of feedstock from South East Asia country and Asia coun try especially China. PETRONAS RAPID is expected to cadence out to become the major and leading raw material provider within the region in South East Asia and even the entire Asia region.PTTGC operates the aromatics plant and produces and distributes primary aromatics, namely benzene, paraxylene, orthoxylene, toluene, mixed xylenes, and cyclohexane ( arbitrate product) as feedstock for intermediate and downstream industries. PTTGC runs two aromatics plants, it hyperbolize the technology of UOP, a world-renowned licensor known for constant upgrading. Both facilities allow feedstock and product exchange to optimize paraxylene and benzene production. PTTGC plans to produce a total of more than 2.05 million dozens of aromatics with an 88% utilization rate and continuous process efficiency returns which over the past few years record. Alongside the experience of operating the aromatic plant, PTTGC knows the efficiency improvement move and straightly apply into PETRONS RAPID project. The successive moves such as surrogate of heat exchanger of the distillation tower to produce 25,000 tons per year of additional paraxylene and installation of pipeline system to the refinery to produce reformate to add value to excess sour naphtha from aromatics plant. PTTGC may apply the technologies into the aromatics plant in RAPID project and produces greater amount and fictitious character of products. PTTGC may rise RAPID project become the leading petrochemical complex in Asia region.On the other sides, PTTGC Group obtains olefins (a collective name for ethylene and propylene) from PETRONAS naphtha cracker plant for intermediate and downstream petrochemical plants in the industrial estate, for HDPE, LDPE, and LLDPE plants within the Group, and for the ethylene oxide/ethylene dihydric alcohol (EO/EG) plant, wholly owned by PTTGC. The Group produces and sells olefins by-products, namely mixed C4, pyrolysis gasoline, tush gas, cracker bottom, and heat content, to domestic and foreign customers. To supplement value to these, PTTGC will operate the butene-1 and butadiene project from mixed C4 with a combined capacity of about atomic number 6,000 tons per year. Today, the plants basic engineering design has been completed, with a start-up interpret in about the second quarter of 2014.In addition, it is widely believed that PTTGC will owns, constructs and operates a 1,300MW gas-fired top executive plant within RAPID project. The gas-fired world power plant supply power throughout the entire RAPID project. The feedstock use to generate the power plant is natural gas that obtained from the crude oil. In score to achieve color environment, the feedstock also can be obtained from the recycled natural gas from other petrochemical plant. This fill has not only achieve green environment yet it helps to cut the cost of production.4.2.3 Italy-based Versalis SpAItaly-based Versalis SpA is the third petrochemical company to join PETRONAS RAPID project in Pen gerang, Johor. On 17th July 2012, PETRONAS and Itay-based Versalis SpA have signed for Head of Agreement (HoA) to jointly own, develop, construct, and operate elastomer plant within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. Based on the report statement, under the terms of the HoA, the proposed joint venture will produce and market synthetic rubbers by using Versalis technology license and technology know-how. Versalis (formerly known as Polimeri Europa) is a petrochemical company and flagship company of Eni SpA, an Italian multinational oil and gas company. It handles the production and marketing of a wide portfolio of petrochemical products, using a ikon of patented technologies and state-of-the-art production systems and a wide-reaching and efficient distribution network.Versalis provides its own technology of license and proves that Versalis has much(prenominal) confidence to the application program of technology for the elastomer plant. For your information, the patent an d patented technology portfolio ranges from basic products to polymers phenol and derivatives, polyethylene, styrenics and elastomers, but also catalysts, and special chemical products. Versalis contributes a lot of efforts to develop its own proprietary technology by using the deal experience earned at its look and development centre, its production plants, and also considering the feedbacks of the market towards its products. Throughout this approach, Versalis manages to optimize and strengthen the excogitation of the single devices and plants, of their mathematical operations, of the performances of the proprietary catalysts, of the characteristics of the products getting outstanding results in all the technologies of the companys business areas. And this is the reason that Versalis intends to use its own technology license.The elastomer technology used for the elastomer plant within PETRONAS RAPID project are (1) emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (e-SBR), (2) r esolve polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber (s-SBR), (3) SBS copolymers technology (SBS), (4) NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers technology (NBR), and (5) High Cis Polibutabiene rubber technology (HCBR NEOCIS). These technology are mostly believed to be brought and applied into the elastomer plant with PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang Johor. The brief introduction of each technology is needed for more understanding.Emulsion polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is one of the most common used polymers in worldwide, used in a large variety of applications which significantly provide good quality of our life. The Versalis proprietary technology achieves wide-range of products which covers all e-SBR field of application like tires, footwears, light coloured and etc. Besides that, High Solids SBR Latices, whose master(prenominal) applications are in moulded foam, gel and non-gel carpet foam and stiffness enhancer Latices, are also leading product based on Versalis proprietary techn ology.Other the other hand, solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber is the most suitable feedstock for passing specified tyre components used in the fabrication of high performance tyres, where the lowest fuel consumption and the highest durability are required. In order to maintain the quality of polymerized styrene-butadiene rubber, s-SBR proprietary technology has been positive as an selection to emulsion technology to produce new product grades and also to significantly reduce some environmental impact of the emulsion technology.Following by Versalis SBS technology, it is flexible in catering the different product grades required by the SBS market to meet new application requirements. Hence, the competitive production of the most common SBS grades and the additional SBS grades for special applications are allowed by Versalis SBS technology.Besides that, NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers are copolymers of butadiene (BD) and acrylonitrile (AN) produced by initiation red ox catalyst systems to an emulsion polymerization reception . The high resistance to oils over a wide temperature range is definitely one of most important feature of Nitrile Rubber. Furthermore, goods NBR-based are normally high strength and resistance to abrasion properties. Originally, Versalis used tatty radicalic polymerization technology for NBR production and was then continuously improved and change its own NBR butadiene-acrylonitrile rubbers production technology based on market requests and feedbacks to meet the safety regulation requirement.At last, High Cis Polibutabiene rubber technology was premier(prenominal) developed in the 80s, with the aim to produce rubber grades with specific properties in tyre sector as well as in other industrial applications. Typical High Cis Polibutabiene rubber plant consists of one reaction section, one finishing line and one packaging line.Based on the technology development and experience taken in operation of elastomer plant, it is widely believed that Versalis will focus on the compact alongside with excellent proven elastomer operation records and wealth of experience and expertise that would significantly contribute towards strengthen PETRONAS and Malaysias position as a distinguish downstream petrochemical player in the South East Asia region or the entire Asia region.4.2.4 Evonik Industries AGPETRONAS is joyful to announce that a Letter of Intent (LOI) was signed with Evonik Industries AG to jointly engage on the development of production facilities of chemical specialty within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang , Johor. On 13 January 2013, Evonik Industries AG formally signed the Letter of Intent (LOI) with PETRONAS and became the latest petrochemical company investing in RAPID project followed by ITOCHU Corporation, PTT Global Chemical Public Company Limited, and Italy-based Versalis SpA.Evonik, the creative industrial group from Germany, is one of the world leaders in specialty chemicals. Evoniks corporate strategy manages to maintain profitable growth and a sustained increase in the value of the company. Basically, its activities focus on the mention megatrends health, nutrition, resource efficiency and globalization. Evonik benefits specifically from its innovative prowess and integrated technology platforms.Under the LOI, Evonik Industries AG planned to form a partnership with PETRONAS to jointly own, develop, construct and operate facilities for the production of hydrogen peroxide, C4 co-monomer and oxo-products within RAPID project.. The proposed plants within RAPID project are expected to produce a capacity of 250,000 metric tons of hydrogen peroxide, 220,000 metric tons of isononanol (INA) and 110,000 metric tons of 1-butene annually. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide will be used to produce propylene oxide by the licensed, eco-friendly hydrogen peroxide to propylene oxide (HPPO) process. The licensed technology, HPPO process, was jointly developed by Evonik and Thy ssenKrupp Uhde.Evonik is one of the worlds largest producers of hydrogen peroxide and C4 based products with production facilities in Europe, North America, South America, New Zealand, Asia, South Africa and Indonesia. The worldwide capacity of hydrogen peroxide production is in excess of 600.000 tons per year. With more than 100 years of experience in peroxygen chemistry, Evonik is believed able to provide high quality products backed up by professional technical, engineering and sales go within PETRONAS RAPID project. The hydrogen peroxide plant is expected to boast an annual production capacity of 250,000 metric tons thus change magnitude the current overall hydrogen peroxide in worldwide. The group believes it is going to become the largest manufacturer of hydrogen peroxide. Today, hydrogen peroxide is widely used for various chemical industries. Therefore, it is a wise approach to operate hydrogen peroxide production plant within RAPID project.Generally, hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) is an environmentally friendly chemical used for oxidation reactions, bleaching process in pulp, paper, and textile industries, various waste water and air treatment, and for various disinfection applications. Nevertheless, Evonik has resolved to implement the HPPO process with its own technology licensing which is developed by Evonik and ThyssenKrupp Uhde within RAPID project. The innovative HPPO process allows the oxidant to be used to produce propylene oxide. The HPPO process benefits that it requires significantly less investment and allows a high degree of production efficiency. It is also an extremely eco-friendly process.Besides that, oxo-products production plant such as isononanol (INA) production plant will be apply within RAPID project by Evonik. Basically, isononanol (INA) is the most important raw material used for manufacturing large-volume of plasticizers. Plasticizers are chemical compounds that are used to make PVC materials to be flexible. The plastics becom e softer and more elastic and pliable for certain desired use. Plasticizers change the physical properties of the plastics without chemically react with the materials. As expected, Evonik plans to produce 220,000 metric tons of isononanol (INA) annually through the plant within RAPID project. This amount of capacity are believed sufficiently for demands throughout the South East Asia region. Most of the isononanol produced renders in the manufacture of DINP (di isononyl phthalate). The technology licensor for the isononanol (INA) production plant will be ThyssenKrupp Uhde. Uhde offers its basic-class proprietary technology for the isononanol production plant within RAPID project. Similarly, the proprietary technology is developed based on research and production plants for many years. With this type of approach, the proprietary technology benefits that allows a high degree of efficiency with less investment requirement.In addition, Evonik has confirmed to operate a capacity of 110, 000 metric tons annually 1-butene production plant within RAPID project. Evonik uses its own proprietary technology to operate the 1-butene production plant. Basically, 1-butene is used primarily as a co-monomer for polyethylene (LLDPE, HDPE) or co-monomer for ethylene/propylene copolymers. The advantage of 1-butene is mainly to improve for the tear strength of the polymer. Moreover, it is also used as intermediate for the production of various products such as antioxidants, plasticizers, herbicides, corrosion inhibitors or additives to lubricating and hydraulic oils.Evonik Industries AG are focusing on RAPID project seriously as they implement three main petrochemical production plant within PETRONAS RAPID project in Pengerang, Johor. As the Member of the Executive Board of Evonik, Dr. Dahai Yu said,The entire project is set to mark another milestone in our growth strategy in the Asiatic market. This is why were seeking for a strong long-term strategic partner like PETRONAS.The pa rtnership is expected to strengthen the PETRONAS position as the key downstream petrochemical player as well as to position Malaysia as the number one oil and gas hub in the Asia Pacific region by 2017. Throughout the collaboration, Evonik Industries AG further consolidates its position as one of the world largest producers of hydrogen peroxide and C4-based products.4.3 The Comparison of RAPID Project and Kerteh and Gebeng interconnected Petrochemical Byzantine4.3.1 Construction and Operation AreaKerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex is playing the significant role in the development of Malaysian petrochemical complexes of the east margin industrial corridor. Although isolated from the nations mainstream economic activities and politically distinctive, these former fishing villages have been transformed into Malaysias petrochemical industrial hub within a thirty years period. Similarly, RAPID project also transforms the fishing villages in Pengerang, Johor into anoth er larger petrochemical industrial hub comparing to the one in east coast industrial corridor (ECIC). Currently, Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex have become the leading role to multi-national petroleum, gas and chemical giants and are widely believed to have true highest concentration of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. However, Upon target commissioning date in 2016, RAPID will become the largest petrochemical industrial hub within Asia Pacific Region.Kerteh and Gebeng are two different locations but planned to become industrial townships within the east coast industrial corridor (ECIC) of Peninsula Malaysia. The two town are connected by a dedicated railway. In contrast, RAPID project is planned to constructed at only one town area without any connections from other places. The rule 5.3 and figure 5.4 illustrate the Integrated Petrochemical Complex at Gebeng and location plan of RAPID project. Currently KPIC covers over 2,800 demesne of land, and is planned to expand to cover about 13,200 acres by the year 2010. In present, GPIC covers about 8900 acres and it is expected to expand to about 23,700 acres by the year 2008. Initially, as statement from DEIA report, RAPID project is planned to cover 6,242 acres of land in Pengerang. The land covered will be further under expansion to be larger than the combination of IPC in Kerteh and Gebeng and in Melaka on the commissioning date by 2016.Verbund site4.3.2 Capacity of Crude crude oil RefineryIn past, KIPC was only used as a crude oil channel, and as a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) refinery. KIPC channels a capacity of 400,000 BSPD crude oil and 2,200 million cubic feet of LPG. Furthermore, KIPC also received some 250 million of LPG from Indonesia. Comparing to RAPID whereby RAPID is expected to have a refining capacity of 300,00 BSPD of crude oil. Upon target commissioning date in 2016, the countrys total refining capacity is to be increased to 935,300 barrels daily (bpd) from t he current 635,300 bpd produced by the PETRONAS refineries in Kertih and Melaka. The refinery production of crude oil in RAPID project is illustrated in figure 4.5.For petrochemical related products, the current production capacity from the PETRONAS complexes in Gebeng and Kerteh is around 2.6 million KMTPA and upon RAPID operation, there will be an increase in production capacity to 6.5 million (KMTPA). It proves that the production capacity of RAPID project is expected to be much greater than GIPC and KIPC.Both Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex and RAPID project have received high concentration of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Malaysia. Kerteh and Gebeng Integrated Petrochemical Complex have attracted foreign company to join partnership to own, develop, construct and operate petrochemical plants. In GIPC, the PETRONAS and its joint-venture plants, the Gebeng IPC is also host to a number of multinational chemical companies, such as Amoco Chemicals, which owns and operates a purified terephthalic acid plant, and Eastman Chemicals, which owns and operates a copolyester plastic resin plant. Figure 4.4 illustrates the major petrochemical plant and its production capacity.The MTBE plant produces a capacity of 300,000 pta of MTBE and 80,000 pta of propylene. Besides that, propane dehydrogenation plant produces another capacity of 300,000 pta of propylene. The propylene production plant also add on produces 80,000 pta of propylene. In addition, the BPC acrylic fibers Complex produces four(4) various of chemical products which are 160,000 tpa Crude Acrylic Acid, 20,000 tpa Glacial Acrylic Acid, 100,000 tpa Butyl-Acrylate, 60,000 tpa 2-Ethyl Hexyl Acrylate. Furthermore, BPC Oxo-Alcohols and Syngas produces five(5) petrochemical products like 80,000 tpa 2-Ethyhexanol, 40,000 tpa Phthalic Anhydride, 100,000 tpa Plasticizers, 160,000 tpa Butanols, 170,000 tpa Syngas. For BPC Butanediol Complex, a capacity of 100,000 tpa Butanediol is produced throu gh the complex.PETRONAS Integrated Petrochemical Complex (IPC) located within the PETRONAS Petroleum Industry Complex (PPIC) in Kertih, Terengganu is an important attach in our gas value chain. Receiving gas feedstock from the fields offshore Terengganu, the Kertih IPC in the first place consists of ethylene-based petrochemical plants. The plants located within this IPC include two ethylene crackers, a polyethylene plant, an ethylene oxide/ethylene glycol plant, a multi-unit derivatives plant, vinyl chloride monomer/PVC plants, ammonia/synthesis gas plants, an acetic acid plant, an aromatics complex and a slenderness polyethylene plant. These plants are owned and operated mainly on a joint venture basis with various foreign partners with the advanced technology and experience, monetary strength and market access to add value to the business. Figure 4.4 illustrates the major petrochemical plant and its production capacity. The ethylene plant produces a capacity of 400,000 pta of ethylene. Besides that, polyethylene plant produces capacity of 200,000 pta of polyethylene and 55,000 pta of pipe compounding. The vinyl chloride monomer production plant also produces 400,000 pta of vinyl chloride monomer. In addition, the Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) plant produces a capacity of 160,000 tpa PVC, Furthermore, Amonia and Syngas plant produces 450,000 tpa ammonia and 325,000 tpa Syngas. For acetic acid plant, a capacity of 400,000 tpa acetic acid is produced through the plant. The aromatics plant produces capacity production of 500,000 tpa Paraxylene and 188,000 tpa Benzene. Olefins (Second Cracker ) mainly produces 600,000 tpa Ethylene and 95,000 tpa Propylene for downstream production. Ethylene Oxide and Ethylene Glycol production plant produce capacity of 140,000 tpa Ethylene Oxide and 385,000 tpa Ethylene Glycols respectively. Ethylene Derivatives production plant produces five(5) petrochemical products such as 30,000 tpa Ethoxylates, 75,000 tpa Ethanolamines, 60,0 00 tpa Glycol Ethers, 140,000 tpa Butanol and 50,000 tpa Butyl Acetate to contributes for downstream production uses. The Low Density Polyethylen production plant produces a capacity of 255,000 tpa LDPE. For RAPID project, the capacity of production plants is clearly figured out in previous chapter. Therefore, for the information regarding the capacity of production within RAPID project, you are advised to refer the previous chapter.4.4 The Comparison of RAPID Project and goliath Petrochemical Complex in Pasir Gudang4.4.1 Location and Construction and Operation Area whale petrochemical complex is owned and operated by Titan Chemical Group shortly with the name of Lotte Chemical Titan Holdings Sdn. Bhd. Titan petrochemical complex constructed its first facility in Malaysia, a RM300 million polypropylene plant in year 1989. With